Glycocholic acid

Manufactured by Yuanye Bio-Technology

Sourced in China

Glycocholic acid is a bile acid produced by the liver. It is a key component in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins. Glycocholic acid acts as an emulsifier, helping to break down large fat molecules into smaller ones that can be more easily absorbed by the body.

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4 protocols using glycocholic acid

Extraction and Analysis of Bile Acids

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Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 medium (RPMI 1640) and penicillin/streptomycin (PS) were purchased from Gibco (USA). The standards included lithocholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, chenodeoxy cholic acid, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, glycolithocholic acid, glycoursodeoxycholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, taurolithocholic acid, glycochenodeoxy cholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, taurochenodeoxy cholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid were purchased from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Estradiol was obtained from Sigma (San Francisco, US), and Estradiol-3-O-sulfate was ordered from Meilun Bio-Technology Co., Ltd (Dalian, China). Naringenin was purchased from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). The purity of standards was always more than 98%. Methanol and acetonitrile were derived from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The deionized water (18 MΩ) was from a MilliQ water purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA). HLB solid phase extraction column was sourced from Waters (Milford, MA, USA).

Zhang J., Wang N., Zheng Y., Yang B., Wang S., Wang X., Pan B, & Wang Z. (2022). Naringenin in Si-Ni-San formula inhibits chronic psychological stress-induced breast cancer growth and metastasis by modulating estrogen metabolism through FXR/EST pathway. Journal of Advanced Research, 47, 189-207.

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Lipid Chromatography Protocol

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Methanol and acetonitrile (analytical gradient grade) for lipid chromatography were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Deionized water was produced using a Mill-Q ultrapure water system (Millipore, USA). HPLC grade formic acid was obtained from Tianjin Kermel Chemical Reagent Company (Tianjin, China). 2-Chloro-L-Phenylalanine for use as an internal standard (IS) was provided by Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Company (Shanghai, China). Standard eicosapentaenoic acid, palmitoleic acid, glycocholic acid, gamma-Linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, thymidine, linoleic acid, L-Phenylalanine, L-Tryptophan, and taurocholic acid were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

Zhang X., Li J., Xie B., Wu B., Lei S., Yao Y., He M., Ouyang H., Feng Y., Xu W, & Yang S. (2018). Comparative Metabolomics Analysis of Cervicitis in Human Patients and a Phenol Mucilage-Induced Rat Model Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 282.

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Phytochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Assays

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Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent, Na 2 CO 3 , formic acid, Al(NO 3 ) 3 , NaNO 2 , HCl, H 2 SO 4 , methanol, ethanol, and Trolox were obtained from Chengdu Kelong Chemical Reagent Works (Chengdu, China). 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, >99.7%), 2,2 ′ -azino-bis(3ethylbenzo thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS+, >99.7%), Oil red O (ORO), p-ntrophenyl laurate (pNP laurate), and chromatographic-grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from American Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Standard compounds, including rutin, afzelin, astragalin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, isoquercitrin, (+)-catechin, procyanidin B2, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, 1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose, simvastatin, orlistat, glyco cholic acid, cholic acid, taurocholic acid, porcine pancreatic lipase, and tris-HCl buffer solution, were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Standard compounds, including procyanidin B1, procyanidin B4, and procyanidin C1, were purchased from Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd. (Chengdu, China).

Xiang Z., Liu L., Xu Z., Kong Q., Liang H., Feng S., Chen T., Zhou L., Yang H, & Ding C. (2024). Purification of Phenolic Compounds from Camellia polyodonta Flower: Composition Analysis, Antioxidant Property, and Hypolipidemic Activity In Vitro and In Vivo. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 13(6).

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Liupao Tea Composition and Bioactivities

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The Liupao tea sample (three grade tea) was provided by Wuzhou Zhongcha Tea Factory Co., Ltd. (Wuzhou, Guangxi, China).
Sephadex G-100 gel, serial standard monosaccharides (glucose (Glc), glucuronic acid (GlcA), xylose (Xyl), galactose (Gal), rhamnose (Rha), mannose (Man), and arabinose (Ara)), 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), bovine serum albumin (BSA), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), different molecular-weight dextran standards, and pancreatin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Polyamide resin, DEAE-52 cellulose, and Sephadex G-100 gel were purchased from Solarbio (Beijing, China). Cholestyramine, glycocholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, glycodesoxycholic acid, taurochenocholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, heparin, and inulin were supplied by Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Bile acid, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) analysis commercial kits, were provided by Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). The standard products of SCFAs (acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid) were acquired from Zhenzhun Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All reagents were of analytical grade and obtained from Shanghai Chemistry and Reagents Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Qiu S., Huang L., Xia N., Teng J., Wei B., Lin X, & Khan M.R. (2022). Two Polysaccharides from Liupao Tea Exert Beneficial Effects in Simulated Digestion and Fermentation Model In Vitro. Foods, 11(19), 2958.

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