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19 protocols using fatty acid synthase

1

Comprehensive Protein Extraction and Analysis

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Total proteins were extracted through 30-minute incubation on ice with Nonidet P-40 lysis buffer containing protease and phosphatase inhibitors, and resolved on Bolt Bis-Tris Plus polyacrylamide gels (Life Technologies). Antibodies against PARP (cat# 9532S), Phospho-Akt (S473; cat# 4060S), Akt (cat# 4685S), Phospho-Erk (T202/Y204; cat# 9101S), Erk1/2 (cat# 9102S), Phospho-S6 ribosomal protein (S235/236; cat# 2211S), total S6 ribosomal protein (cat# 2317S), Phospho-S6 kinase (cat# 9234S), total S6-kinase (cat# 2708S), Tuberin/TSC2 (cat# 4308S), Phospho-RSK (S380) (cat# 9335), total RSK (cat# 9355), Fatty Acid Synthase (cat# 3180S), Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (cat# 3676S), Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (cat# 2794S), CCTα (cat# 6931S) and BrdU (5292S) were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). Anti-beta actin antibody (cat# A5316) was obtained from Millipore Sigma (St. Louis, MO) and anti-CPT1A antibody (cat# ab128568) from Abcam (Cambridge, MA).
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2

3T3-L1 Adipocyte Differentiation Protocol

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3T3-L1 preadipocytes were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) and penicillin-streptomycin were purchased from Mediatech (Herndon, VA, USA). Oil red O solution, isobutylethylxanthine (IBMX), dexamethasone, and insulin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Primary antibodies including phospho (P)-Akt1 (T308), total (T)-Akt1, P-ERK1/2 (T202/Y204), T-ERK1/2, C/EBPα, PPARγ, Fatty acid synthase (FAS), Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and GAPDH were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Boston, MA, USA).
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3

Molecular Mechanisms of EMT and Metabolism

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Recombinant human TNFα and TGFβ were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Antibodies used are listed as follows: IkB, phospho-Smad2/3, total-Smad2/3, Snail, vimentin, lactate dehydrogenase-A, fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase, total-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Cell signaling, MA, USA); beta-actin, E-cadherin, N-cadherin (Santa Cruz, TX, USA); hexokinase II, pyruvate kinase isoform 2, fructose-bisphophotase-2, total OXPHOS Human WB Antibody Cocktail (Abcam, Cambridge, UK); Zeb1 (ProSci, CA, USA); and fructose-bisphophotase-1 (Abgent, Wuxi, China). All other reagents were from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, USA) unless stated otherwise.
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4

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Molecular Markers

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For immunohistochemistry, tissue sections were deparaffinized, and blocked with 10% or 100% goat serum at room temperature for 2 hr. Tissue sections were incubated at overnight at 4°C with rabbit affinity purified polyclonal antibodies against cleaved caspase-3 (1:200, Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA), fatty acid synthase (1:100, Cell Signaling), fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) (1:2000, Abcam, Cambridge, MA), phospho-histone 2A.X (Ser139) (phospho-H2A.X) (1:100, Cell Signaling), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (1:250, Abcam), goat affinity purified polyclonal antibody galectin-3 (1:2000, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) or appropriate controls. Slides were then incubated for 30 min with biotinylated goat anti-rabbit or rabbit anti-goat secondary antibody (Vector Labs, Burlingame, CA). Antibody binding was visualized using a DAB Peroxidase Substrate Kit (Vector Labs).
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5

Protein Extraction from Tissue for Immunoblotting

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Protein extraction from tissue was performed by re-suspending frozen tissue in 0.5 mL of RIPA buffer (1% NP-40, 0.5% Deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris plus protease and phosphatase inhibitors), and lysed using a tissue lyser (Qiagen) twice for 30 seconds at 20 Hz. Following lysis, samples were incubated on ice for 10 minutes, then spun down at 15,000 RCF for 5 minutes in 4°C. Supernatant was collected and stored in −80°C until immunoblotting. Antibodies used in this study: ATP-Citrate Lyase (Proteintech 15421–1-AP), Acyl-CoA Synthetase Family Member 2 (Cell Signaling Technology 3658S), Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (Cell Signaling Technology 3676S), Fatty Acid Synthase (Cell Signaling Technology 3189S), Catalase (Cell Signaling Technology 14097S), Ribosomal Protein S6 (Cell Signaling Technology 2217S), IRDye800CW Goat Anti-Rabbit (LI-COR 926–32211). Immunoblots were developed using a LI-COR Odyssey Clx.
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6

Protein Extraction from Tissue for Immunoblotting

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Protein extraction from tissue was performed by re-suspending frozen tissue in 0.5 mL of RIPA buffer (1% NP-40, 0.5% Deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris plus protease and phosphatase inhibitors), and lysed using a tissue lyser (Qiagen) twice for 30 seconds at 20 Hz. Following lysis, samples were incubated on ice for 10 minutes, then spun down at 15,000 RCF for 5 minutes in 4°C. Supernatant was collected and stored in −80°C until immunoblotting. Antibodies used in this study: ATP-Citrate Lyase (Proteintech 15421–1-AP), Acyl-CoA Synthetase Family Member 2 (Cell Signaling Technology 3658S), Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (Cell Signaling Technology 3676S), Fatty Acid Synthase (Cell Signaling Technology 3189S), Catalase (Cell Signaling Technology 14097S), Ribosomal Protein S6 (Cell Signaling Technology 2217S), IRDye800CW Goat Anti-Rabbit (LI-COR 926–32211). Immunoblots were developed using a LI-COR Odyssey Clx.
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7

AMPK Signaling Pathway Analysis

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Briefly, the treated cells were washed twice with chilled PBS and the cell lysates were prepared in a lysis buffer [8 (link)]. The cell lysates were clarified at 14,000 g for 20 min at 4 °C. The protein concentrations were estimated by Bradford reagent.
Equal amount of proteins was resolved in SDS-PAGE. Following SDS-PAGE, the electro-blotted nitrocellulose membranes were reacted with relevant primary antibody specific to AMPK, phospho-AMPK (Thr172), ACC, phospho-ACC (Ser79), Fatty Acid Synthase and Actin (Cell Signaling Technology, Boston, MA). Specific signals were detected with enhanced chemiluminescence (Thermo scientific, USA) and the signal intensities were captured in Gel Doc™ XR+ Imaging System and analyzed using Image Lab™ 2.0 Software (BioRad, Hercules, CA).
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8

Western Blot Analysis of HepG2 Cells

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For Western blot analysis, HepG2 cells were lysed in the RIPA buffer supplemented with protease inhibitors (Thermo Scientific). Lysates were separated by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted with antibodies as indicated. Western blot analysis was performed with the following antibodies: SERBP1 (Abcam, ab28481), Fatty acid synthase (Cell Signaling, 3180S), β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-47778).
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9

Inhibition of VEGF-Induced Fibrosis Pathways

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VEGF-inhibitor CBO-P11 was obtained from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA). BLM sulfate was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Antibodies against Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), phospho-Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Ser79) (pACC), Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphor-AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody and HRP-conjugated anti-mouse IgG antibody were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). Collagen III (COL3A1) was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX). Sterol regulatory element binding protein – 1c (SREBP-1c) and β-actin antibodies were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
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10

Comprehensive Protein Analysis of Adipogenesis

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SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analysis of samples were performed using the following antibodies: custom-made PDGF D (22 (link)), fatty acid synthase (Cell Signaling Technologies [CST]; catalog no.: 3180), C/EBPα (CST; catalog no.: 8178), peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma (CST; catalog no.: 2435), perilipin (CST; catalog no.: 9349), FABP4 (CST; catalog no.: 2120), acetyl CoA carboxylase (CST; catalog no.: 3676), β-actin (CST; catalog no.: 4970), p-AKT (CST; catalog no.: 9275), AKT (CST; catalog no.: 9272), p-JNK (CST; catalog no.: 4668), JNK (CST; catalog no.: 9258), p-ERK1/2 (CST; catalog no.: 9101), ERK1/2 (CST; catalog no.: 9102), p-β-PDGFR Y751 (CST; catalog no.: 3161), p-β-PDGFR Y771 (CST; catalog no.: 3173), β-PDGFR (CST; catalog no.: 3169), vinculin (Sigma; catalog no.: V9131), ubiquitin (CST; catalog no.: 3936), ubiquitin-K48 (Abcam; catalog no.: ab140601), ubiquitin-K63 (Abcam; catalog no.: ab179434), HUWE1 (Abcam; catalog no.: ab70161), and streptavidin–horseradish peroxidase (Abcam; catalog no.: ab7403).
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