PSF beads (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), together with polyethylene glycol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO,, USA), were dissolved in a co-solvent of N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF; Tedia, OH, USA) and dichloromethane (DCM; Mallinckrodt, St. Louis, MO, USA) at a ratio of 7:3 until homogenous. The resulting polymer solution was electrospun as the ‘shell solution’ together with a ‘core solution,’ which consisted of a mixture of polyethylene glycol (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and polyethylene oxide (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), at a voltage of between 5–7 kV under ambient conditions. The resulting PSF MTAMs were then retrieved and washed in double distilled water (ddH2O) and air dried. Next, the PSF MTAMs were then examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) and the microstructure parameters quantified.
N n dimethylformamide (dmf)
Manufactured by Tedia
Sourced in United States
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a clear, colorless, and polar aprotic solvent. It has a high boiling point and is miscible with a wide range of organic solvents. DMF is commonly used as a solvent in various chemical reactions and processes.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Silver nitrate agno3, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Psf beads, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Polyethylene glycol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Polyethylene oxide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Stannous octoate sn oct 2, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ethyl acetate, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Xylene, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Nitrobenzene, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
1 4 dioxane, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Milli ro plus, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Methyl tert butyl ether (mtbe), by Tedia (1 mentions)
P xylene, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Methanol, by Tedia (1 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Tedia (1 mentions)
Sulfuric acid, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Ammonium sulfate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Arium 611 uv, by Sartorius (1 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Avantor (1 mentions)
Copper 2 chloride, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Phenol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
11 protocols using n n dimethylformamide (dmf)
1
Fabrication and Characterization of PSF MTAMs
2
Electrospinning of PLGA Multilayer Fibrous Mats
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18 wt.% of PLGA shell solution was prepared by dissolving PLGA (Green Square Materials, Inc, Taipei, Taiwan; LA/GA ratio: 75:25) in a co-solvent of dichloromethane (DCM, Mallinckrodt, Surrey, UK)/N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, Tedia, Fairfield, OH, USA) at a ratio of 8:2. The core solution was prepared by dissolving 10 wt.% of polyethylene oxide (PEO, 900 kDa; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG, 35 kDa; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in 40 mL of double-distilled water (ddH2O). Both solutions were successfully electrospun at 5.5–8.5 kV, at a flow rate of 5 mL/h. (shell solution) and 4 mL/h. (core solution) on a rotating drum, which revolved at 200 rounds per minute (rpm) under ambient condition. The resulting PLGA MTAMs were washed with ddH2O overnight to remove the porogen and air-dried for 24 h.
3
Synthesis of Polycaprolactone-grafted Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles
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Nano-sized (less than 200 nm) HAP (nHAP) particles (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) were modified using a two-step ring opening reaction. nHAP particles were dried in the vacuum oven at 100°C 3 days prior to use. To create more hydroxyl groups on nHAP particles, the particles were first grafted with ethylene glycol (EG; J.T. Baker, USA). Then, 3 g nHAP particles were dispersed into 60 ml dry N, N-dimethylmethanamide (DMF, Tedia, USA) and modified with 5.86 g EG at 60°C overnight. These particles were then washed by dichloromethane (DCM, Macron Fine Chemicals, USA) and centrifuged at 3000 r.p.m. three times for 30 min each time. After being dried, 2 g of EG-modified nHAP (E-HAP) was suspended in 50 ml of dry toluene (ECHO chemical, Taiwan) and was reacted with 5 ml ɛ-caprolactone (ɛ-CL, Alfa Aesar, USA) at 130°C for 24 h. Free polymers were washed off using DCM. Then, 100 ppm of stannous octoate (Sn(Oct)2, Sigma-Aldrich) was used in these two reactions as a catalyst. PCL-grafted E-HAP (gHAP) was collected and dried in a vacuum oven.
4
Characterizing Organic Solvent Purity
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n-Heptane (99% purity; Lot,
EA8351), toluene (≥99.5% purity; Lot, ETA140403), chloroform
(99.99% purity; Lot, E554180), THF (99% purity; Lot, E704198), ethanol
(99.5% purity; Lot, 262611), acetone (99.5% purity; Lot, EHAD105),
and DMSO (99.8% purity; Lot, EA3M741) were purchased from Echo Chemical
Co. Ltd. (Taiwan). Xylene (98.5% purity; Lot, E03B34) and 1,4-dioxane
(98% purity; Lot, SP-34332R) were purchased from Avantor Performance
Materials Co. Ltd. p-Xylene (99% purity, Lot, 802551),
ethyl acetate (99.5% purity; Lot, 711912), MTBE (99.9% purity; Lot,
1005355), benzene (99% purity; Lot, 310008), MEK (99.6% purity; Lot,
SMEI40421), n-butyl alcohol (99.4% purity; Lot, 205027),
IPA (99.8% purity; Lot, 14030108), benzyl alcohol (99.8% purity; Lot,
70950), acetonitrile (99.96% purity; Lot, 14050419), DMF (99.8% purity;
Lot, 912313), and methanol (99.9% purity; Lot, 14050368) were purchased
from TEDIA company. DMA (99% purity; Lot, A0213203001), and nitrobenzene
(99% purity; Lot, A0282673) were purchased from Acros Organics company.
Reversible osmosis water was clarified by a water purification system
(model Milli-RO Plus) bought from Millipore (Billerica, MA).
EA8351), toluene (≥99.5% purity; Lot, ETA140403), chloroform
(99.99% purity; Lot, E554180), THF (99% purity; Lot, E704198), ethanol
(99.5% purity; Lot, 262611), acetone (99.5% purity; Lot, EHAD105),
and DMSO (99.8% purity; Lot, EA3M741) were purchased from Echo Chemical
Co. Ltd. (Taiwan). Xylene (98.5% purity; Lot, E03B34) and 1,4-dioxane
(98% purity; Lot, SP-34332R) were purchased from Avantor Performance
Materials Co. Ltd. p-Xylene (99% purity, Lot, 802551),
ethyl acetate (99.5% purity; Lot, 711912), MTBE (99.9% purity; Lot,
1005355), benzene (99% purity; Lot, 310008), MEK (99.6% purity; Lot,
SMEI40421), n-butyl alcohol (99.4% purity; Lot, 205027),
IPA (99.8% purity; Lot, 14030108), benzyl alcohol (99.8% purity; Lot,
70950), acetonitrile (99.96% purity; Lot, 14050419), DMF (99.8% purity;
Lot, 912313), and methanol (99.9% purity; Lot, 14050368) were purchased
from TEDIA company. DMA (99% purity; Lot, A0213203001), and nitrobenzene
(99% purity; Lot, A0282673) were purchased from Acros Organics company.
Reversible osmosis water was clarified by a water purification system
(model Milli-RO Plus) bought from Millipore (Billerica, MA).
5
Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Diverse Reagents
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Silver nitrate (≥99%), anhydrous 1,5-pentanediol (PD; ≥97%), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP; average molecular weight, 55,000), zinc acetate dihydrate (≥98%, ACS reagent), 4,5-dichloroimidazole (≥98%), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3; 99.995%), sodium nitroprusside dihydrate (≥99%, ACS reagent; Reag. Ph. Eur), ammonium sulfate (≥99.0%), sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate (≥98.0%), and phenol (≥99%, purified by redistillation) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Copper (II) chloride (≥98%) was from Alfa Aesar. Methanol (≥99.9%) and THF (≥99.0%, ACS reagent) were from Fulltime. Ethanol (ACS, ISO, Reag. Ph Eur) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH; ≥99.0%) were from EMSURE. N,N′-dimethylformamide (DMF; ACS reagent) was obtained from Tedia. Sulfuric acid (≥95%) and hydrochloric acid (37%) were from VWR Chemicals. Nitrogen (N2; 99.999%, ALPHAGAZ 1) and argon (Ar; 99.9995%) were purchased from Singapore Oxygen Air Liquide Pte Ltd. THF was further dried by distilling commercial THF with sodium and benzophenone under inert N2 environment. All other chemicals were applied without further purification. Milli-Q water (>18.0 megohm·cm) was purified with a Sartorius Arium 611 UV ultrapure water system.
6
Synthesis and Characterization of Biopolymer Nanoparticles
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Levamisole (LEVA, molecular weight: 204 g/mole, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), PVP (molecular weight: 55,000 g/mole, Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA), PMMA (molecular weight: 120,000 g/mole, Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA), and polyethylenimine (branched, molecular weight: 10,000 g/mole, Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, USA). Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640 (RPMI-1640), antibiotic solution (10,000 IU/mL penicillin and 10 mg/mL streptomycin), fetal bovine serum, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4) were obtained from Biological Industries (CT, USA). Acetone was purchased from Echo Chemical (Miaoli, Taiwan), and N,N-Dimethylformamide from Tedia (OH, USA). All other chemicals were of reagent or tissue culture grade and received for direct use without any purification.
7
PAN Electrospinning with Silver Nitrate
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The polyacrylonitrile (PAN) (Mw: 150,000) used in this study was obtained from Scientific Polymer Products, Inc. (Ontario, NY, USA). N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was purchased from TEDIA (Fairfield, OH, USA) . Other materials, such as acetone, hydroxylamine (NH2OH), and silver nitrate (AgNO3) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Singapore).
8
Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer-Nanoparticle Composites
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The carbon black (CB), carbon nanotube (CNT), and graphene oxide (GO) used in this study were obtained from Enerage Inc., Yilan, Taiwan. Silver nitrate (purity 99.9%) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA, and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was obtained from TEDIA Company Inc., Fairfield, OH, USA. Polyisobutylene-g-succinic anhydride (PIB-SA, Mw = 1335) was purchased from Chevron Corp., San Ramon, USA. Poly(oxyethylene)-diamine (POE-2000, Mw = 2000), with the designated trade name of Jeffamine® ED2003, was obtained from Huntsman Chemical Co., Los Angeles, CA, USA. Polyimide (PI) film (the degradation temperature about 550 °C, and the thickness was 25 µm) was obtained from UNION CHEMICAL IND. CO. LTD., Taipei, Taiwan.
9
Synthesis of Silver-Montmorillonite Nanocomposites
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Sodium montmorillonite (Na+-MMT; Nanocor Co., Chicago, IL, USA) is a Na+ type of layered aluminosilicate clay with a cationic exchange capacity (CEC) of 115 meq/100 g. The 2:1 type of layered silicate clay comprises two tetrahedron sheets sandwiching an edge-shared octahedral sheet, with an average polydisperse dimension of 100 nm × 100 nm × 1 nm for each sheet and approximately 10 platelets in one stack. The 4,4’-Oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA) was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA, and purified by sublimation. Jeffamine® ED2001 (abbreviated POE-2000), a commercial brand of POE-amine, was purchased from Huntsman Chemical Co., Los Angeles, CA, USA. Silver nitrate (AgNO3, purity 99.9%) was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA, and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) from TEDIA Company Inc., Fairfield, OH, USA.
10
Synthesis of Aromatic Ketone Derivatives
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The following chemicals were purchased and used without further purification: indole-2-carboxylic acid 98% (Aldrich, Wyoming, IL, USA), oxalyl chloride 98% (Aldrich, Wyoming, IL, USA), 4-aminoacetophenone 97% (Aldrich, Wyoming, IL, USA), 3-aminoacetophenone 97% (Aldrich, Wyoming, IL, USA), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (HPLC grade Tedia, Fairfield, OH, USA), pyridine (Cerritos, CA, USA), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) (Labachemie, Mumbai, India), sodium borohydride (NaBH4) (Aldrich, Wyoming, IL, USA), dichloromethane (HPLC grade Carbon group, Lincoln, UK), hexane (HPLC grade Tedia, Fairfield, OH, USA), ethyl acetate (AZ chem, Dongguan, China), tetrahydro furan (THF) (Honeywell, Offenbach am Main, Germany), acetone (AZ Chem, Dongguan, China), absolute ethanol (Honeywell, Offenbach am Main, Germany), chloroform (HPLC grade) (Honeywell, Offenbach am Main, Germany), and methanol (HPLC grade Biosolve, Dieuze, France).
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