Lunar dpx nt 400157

BMD measurements were conducted at three sites: the lumbar spine, the femoral neck, and the total hip on the left side, using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar DPX NT-400157; GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, USA). All measurements were assessed by the same experienced operator on the same machine, according to standardized procedures for participant positioning. BMD values were recorded in grams per square centimeter (g/cm²). The lumbar spine BMD included the first, second, third, and fourth lumbar vertebra (L1–L4), and the total hip BMD included the whole hip bone. According to the World Health Organization, participants were divided into the normal BMD (T-score ≥ − 1.0), osteopenia (− 1.0 < T-score < − 2.5), or osteoporosis (T-score ≤ − 2.5) groups^{28 (link)}. These diagnoses were defined with the minimum T-score of three measuring positions.

A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar DPX NT-400157; GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, United States) densitometer was utilized for measuring BMD for the lumbar spine (L1–L4), total hip, and the femoral neck on the left side. In the lumbar spine, BMD was measured in four lumbar vertebrae (L1–L4) and the central portion of a lateral scout view of the first to the fourth vertebra. The BMD (g/cm²) of the total hip was an evaluation of BMD in the whole hip bone. The minimum T-score of three measuring positions was used as a threshold to define the three groups based on BMD. The 797 participants were divided into a normal BMD group (n = 312) with a T-score of –1 or more, an osteopenia group (n = 353) with a T-score between –1 and –2.5, and an osteoporosis group (n = 132) with a T-score of –2.5 or less at the lumbar spine, total hip, or femoral neck (42 (link)). The measurements were taken in strict accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions for use of the equipment and were evaluated by the same experienced physician using the same machine (43 (link)).