Pb no3 2

The materials for SLS preparation, namely sodium lignosulfonate (LS, 3.55% S content), epichlorohydrin, and starch was supplied by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., China. Hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), methylene blue, Pb(NO₃)₂ and cyclohexane were purchased from Nanjing Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., China. Deionized water was used in all experiments.

Molybdenum(IV) sulfide (MoS₂) powder, molybdenum(IV) selenide (MoSe₂) powder, tungsten(IV) sulfide (WS₂) powder, n-butyllithium in hexane (2.5 M), rhodium(III) chloride (RhCl₃), potassium tetrachloropalladate(II) (K₂PdCl₄), and Nafion perfluorinated resin solution (5 wt% in a mixture of low aliphatic alcohols and water, containing 45% water) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO); aluminum oxide powder (0.05 CR) was purchased from BAIKOWSKI (USA); NaBH₄ and SnO were purchased from the First Reagent Factory (China); potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II) (K₂PtCl₄) and Pt/C (5 wt%) were purchased from Macklin (China); acetonitrile, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), CuSO₄, Pb(NO₃)₂, and Bi(NO₃)₃ were purchased from Nanjing Chemical Reagent (China); iodine and tungsten(IV) selenide (WSe₂) powder were purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (China). All aqueous solutions were prepared with Millipore water (18.2 MΩ cm resistivity).