Xylazine

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Japan, France, India, Poland, United Kingdom, Brazil, Sao Tome and Principe, Italy, Canada

Xylazine is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a sedative and analgesic agent commonly used in veterinary medicine. The core function of Xylazine is to provide a safe and effective means for sedation and pain management in laboratory animals during procedures or treatments.

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Lab products found in correlation

Ketamine, by Merck Group (172 mentions) Ketamine hydrochloride, by Merck Group (11 mentions) Ketamine, by Henry Schein (9 mentions) Ketamine, by Pfizer (9 mentions) Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (8 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (8 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (6 mentions) Streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (6 mentions) Potassium chloride (kcl), by Merck Group (5 mentions) Ethanol, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Penicillin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (5 mentions) Phosphate buffered saline (pbs), by Merck Group (5 mentions) Heparinized saline, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Formalin, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Paraformaldehyde (pfa), by Merck Group (3 mentions) Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (mtt), by Merck Group (3 mentions) Stereotaxic apparatus, by Kopf Instruments (3 mentions) Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (edta), by Merck Group (3 mentions) Carprofen, by Pfizer (3 mentions) Thiobarbituric acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

Ketamine/xylazine mixture Xylazine hydrochloride Ketamine/xylazine Ketamine/xylazine solution Ketamine hydrochloride/xylazine hydrochloride solution Ketamine/xylazine anesthesia Ketamin/Xylazine Ketamine hydrochloride/xylazine hydrochloride Xylazine Hydrochloride (X-1251, Xylazine HCL

311 protocols using xylazine

Intranasal inoculation of mice under anesthesia

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Sirolimus was purchased from MedChem Express, LLC (Princeton, NJ). The drug was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 50 μg/μL (55 mM) and stored in at −20 °C. This concentrated stock was diluted to a final concentration of 0.5 μg/μL in dH₂O immediately before use. Ketamine (50 mg/mL), xylazine (suspended in methanol at 10 mg/mL), and remaining reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
Ketamine-xylazine solution consisted of 80 μL (4 mg) Ketamine plus 20 μL (0.2 mg) xylazine and stored at 4 °C for a maximum of 2 weeks. The solution was diluted 1:10 with dH₂O immediately prior to use. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with 10 μL/g (40 μg/g Ketamine +2 μg/g xylazine) before inoculation and other surgical procedures. Adequate sedation was confirmed before intranasal inoculations by the absence of footpad reflexes. Mice were held in a supine position (at a 45° angle) with the back supported by the palm and the neck skin fold by the thumb and index finger. The inoculum was slowly released from a 10-μL micropipette as two small drops covering the two nostrils. The mice were allowed to inhale the volume without forming bubbles. They were then maintained in the same position until they regained consciousness and their rapid breathing returned to normal.

Alsuwaidi A.R., George J.A., Almarzooqi S., Hartwig S.M., Varga S.M, & Souid A.K. (2017). Sirolimus alters lung pathology and viral load following influenza A virus infection. Respiratory Research, 18, 136.

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Osteoclast Differentiation Assay with Pharmacological Modulators

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Mouse bone marrow cells were plated at densities of 1.2×10⁵ and 1.0×10⁶ cells into 12-well and 60-mm dishes, respectively, and cultured with 10 ng/ml macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF; PeproTech, Inc., Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) at 37°C for 3 days. The surface-attached cells were used as osteoclast precursors (22 (link)). These cells were cultured with 10 ng/ml M-CSF and 50 ng/ml RANKL (PeproTech, Inc.). A total of 5–20 µM guanabenz (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) or 10–20 µM xylazine (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) was applied at the same time point as RANKL; 10–20 µM clonidine (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) was administered with RANKL or 1 day after RANKL administration. After a 60-h treatment with RANKL at 37°C, cells were fixed in 10% formalin neutral buffer solution at room temperature and stained with TRAP for 1 h at 37°C. The number of TRAP-positive cells containing three or more nuclei was determined. All positive cells in each well were counted using a light microscope (magnification, ×100; Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany).
RAW264.7 cells were plated at 1.0×10⁵ cells into 60-mm dishes and cultured with 25 ng/ml RANKL in the presence or absence of 5–20 µM guanabenz, 10–20 µM clonidine or 10–20 µM xylazine with or without 10–20 µM yohimbine or 10–20 µM idazoxan (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) at 37°C for 2–4 days for qPCR analysis.

Hamajima K., Hamamura K., Chen A., Yokota H., Mori H., Yo S., Kondo H., Tanaka K., Ishizuka K., Kodama D., Hirai T., Miyazawa K., Goto S, & Togari A. (2018). Suppression of osteoclastogenesis via α2-adrenergic receptors. Biomedical Reports, 8(5), 407-416.

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Surgical Procedures in Anesthetized Mice

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In all the surgical procedures, mice were anaesthetized with 5% isoflurane (Sigma Aldrich, CAS: 26675-46-7) by volume for induction, injected i.p. with ketamine/xylazine (60 mg/kg ketamine, Sigma Aldrich, CAS: 1867-66-9 and 5 mg/kg xylazine, Sigma Aldrich, CAS: 23076-35-9), head fixed to a stereotaxic apparatus (David Kopf instruments) and then maintained anesthetized by continuous isoflurane (~1.25%) inhalation throughout the surgical procedure. Eye ointment was used to protect the mice eyes (Duratears, Vetmarket) and body temperature was recorded and maintained by a heating pad (FHC, DC temperature controller) at 34 °C throughout the surgery. At the beginning of each surgical procedure the mice were injected subcutaneously with Carprofen (5 mg/kg, Sigma Aldrich, CAS:53716-49-7) to reduce inflammation and pain. At the end of each surgical procedure the mice were injected subcutaneously with Buprenorphine (0.05 mg/kg, Sigma Aldrich, CAS:52485-79-7) to reduce pain. The mice were then allowed to recover in their home cage for at least 1–2 weeks before the subsequent surgical procedure or experiment began.

Shoob S., Buchbinder N., Shinikamin O., Gold O., Baeloha H., Langberg T., Zarhin D., Shapira I., Braun G., Habib N, & Slutsky I. (2023). Deep brain stimulation of thalamic nucleus reuniens promotes neuronal and cognitive resilience in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. Nature Communications, 14, 7002.

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Adrenalectomy and Myrcene Treatment in Rats

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Male Wistar albino rats were purchased from Harlan Laboratories (Oxon, UK). The animals were bred in Animal Facility (CMHS) UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Rats weighing 170 ± 10 g were used. Rats were anesthetized intraperitoneally with ketamine–xylazine Cat: K113, mixture (ketamine 100 mg/kg Cat: K101 body weight sigma, St. louis, MO, USA, and xylazine 5 mg/kg body weight, sigma, St. louis, MO, USA. Rats were adrenalectomized bilaterally with open surgical procedure. Sham operated or naive rats were used as controls. ADX rats were kept with 0.9% NaCl in the drinking water to restore body electrolytes. Myrcene treated group was given 100 mg/kg body weight post ADX for 14 days. Rats were decapitated, and blood and kidney were collected. The blood was processed to collect sera. The kidney samples (100 mg/mL) were incubated in KCl buffer (Tris-HCl 10 mM, NaCl 140 mM, KCl 300 mM, EDTA 1 mM, Triton X-100 0.5%, (prepared in lab) at pH 8.0 supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitor homogenized with Ultra Taurrax T-25 (Janke and Kunkel, IKA laboratories, (Staufen. Germany) and the supernatants were collected after centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 30 min at 4 °C.

Islam A.U., Hellman B., Nyberg F., Amir N., Jayaraj R.L., Petroianu G, & Adem A. (2020). Myrcene Attenuates Renal Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Adrenalectomized Rat Model. Molecules, 25(19), 4492.

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Stereotactic Implantation of NAcc Cannulas for Drug Infusion

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Before central drug infusion, nED‐vehicle, nED‐D1+, nED‐D1‐, nED‐D2+, nED‐D2‐, nED‐IFG, and Con‐IFG groups were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (75 mg/kg, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and xylazine (10 mg/kg, Merck KGaA). The subjects were fixed in a stereotaxic frame (1404, Kopf Instruments, Tujunga, USA). Twenty‐six gauge stainless steel guide cannulas (PlasticsOne, Roanoke, VA, USA) were implanted bilaterally 1 mm above the NAcc (1.6 mm anterior, ±0.7 mm lateral, and 2.0 mm ventral to dura).²⁰ Acrylic resin and dental cement were used to secure the cannulas to the skull. In order to prevent clogging, each guide cannula was sealed with a stainless steel wire.

Chen G., Yu D., Wu Y., Dong J., Hu L, & Feng N. (2022). Dopamine D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens modulate erectile function in a rat model of nonorganic erectile dysfunction. Andrology, 10(4), 808-817.

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Chalcogen Phthalic Anhydrides Evaluation

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Herein, three chalcogen phthalic anhydrides have been evaluated: the phthalic selenoanhydride (R-Se), the phthalic thioanhydride (R-S), and the phthalic anhydride (R-O), whose structure has been shown in the Scheme 1 at the introduction [24 (link)]. R-O was commercially available (Merck, Taufkirchen, Germany), whereas R-Se was obtained through a synthetic route that enables the synthesis of R-Se from lithium aluminum hydride, selenium phthloyl chloride, and sulfuric acid, as described in prior works [24 (link)]. R-S was synthesized following the same route, but using sulfur instead of selenium. Tiletamine + zolazepam (Zoletil 100) was acquired from Virbac (Carros, France), and the anaesthetic xylazine was obtained from Merck (Schnelldorf, Germany). All other chemicals required for the performance of this study (DMSO, NaCl, KCl, NaHCO₃, MgSO₄, KH₂PO₄, CaCl₂, Na₂EDTA, glucose) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Balis P., Berenyiova A., Misak A., Grman M., Rostakova Z., Waczulikova I., Cacanyiova S., Domínguez-Álvarez E, & Ondrias K. (2023). The Phthalic Selenoanhydride Decreases Rat Blood Pressure and Tension of Isolated Mesenteric, Femoral and Renal Arteries. Molecules, 28(12), 4826.

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Evaluating BPA and Resveratrol Effects on Rat Liver

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The rats were randomly divided into the following five groups (n=6): a control group, which received distilled water;
a sham group, which received olive oil as a BPA solvent; and three other groups that were respectively administered 50 mg/kg of BPA, ^{18 (link)}100 mg/kg of RES, ^{19 (link)}and 50 mg/kg of BPA plus 100 mg/kg of RES. Olive oil, BPA, and RES were fed to the animals via gavage for eight weeks. At the end of the experiment,
the rats were subjected to overnight fasting and on the day of euthanasia, they were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (Merck, Germany)
at a dose of 100 µg/kg and xylazine (Merck, Germany) at a dose of 5 mg/kg. Liver samples were obtained and fixed in 10% formalin (Merck, Germany)
in preparation for microscopic sections and tissue passaging. Subsequently, the slides were prepared and stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
(Merck, Germany) staining for isotropic uniform random (IUR) sectioning. The pieces cut with a trocar were finally prepared for the calculation of tissue shrinkage.

Bordbar H., Soleymani F., Nadimi E., Yahyavi S.S, & Fazelian-Dehkordi K. (2021). A Quantitative Study on the Protective Effects of Resveratrol against Bisphenol A-induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats: A Stereological Study. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 46(3), 218-227.

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Murine Tissue Harvesting and Analysis

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After 40 days post-treatment, mice were sacrificed through euthanization with ketamine (50 mg/ml) and xylazine (100 mg/ml) (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) in a ratio of 4 : 1 through intramuscular injection. Blood samples were collected intracardially from individual mice and placed in heparinized tubes for complete hemogram analysis and for biochemical analysis; blood was collected in sterile Eppendorf tubes. To obtain serum, blood in the Eppendorf tubes was left to settle for one hour at normal room temperature and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm at 4°C for 5 min (Centurion Scientific Ltd., K240R, UK). Mice were perfused with sterile PBS buffer after which the spleen, kidney, liver, lungs, heart, and brain were harvested and placed in Eppendorf tubes that were under dry ice. The snap-frozen whole brain, kidney, heart, lungs, spleen, and liver were homogenized on ice-cold water (4°C) in 0.5 ml of 0.25 M sucrose, 5 mM HEPES-Tris, pH 7.4, with protease inhibitor cocktail to a final concentration of 10% (w/v).

Wairimu N.W., Wairagu P., Chepukosi K.W., Obiero G.F., Okanya P.W., Isaac A.O, & Nyariki J.N. (2023). Sodium Metabisulfite-Induced Hematotoxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Organ Damage Ameliorated by Standardized Ginkgo biloba in Mice. Journal of Toxicology, 2023, 7058016.

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Single Midline Scrotal Incision Orchidectomy in Mice

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Orchidectomy was adapted from a previous procedure^{89 (link)} changing to a single midline scrotal incision to minimize tissue injury. Briefly, mice were anesthetized with a mixture of i.p. ketamine (75 mg/kg; Imalgene, 100 mg/ml, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim/Rhein, Germany) and xylazine (15 mg/kg, Merck) and a single midline scrotal incision was made. The testes were exposed, and the vas deferens and testicular blood vessels were ligated with 2 tight knots of 6–0 black silk (8065195601, Alcon Cusi S.A., Barcelona, Spain). An incision was made between the 2 knots to remove testes and epididymis and the incision was closed with three additional square knots after ensuring hemostasis. Sham surgeries were performed similarly but the testicles were exposed and not ligated or removed. Subsequent nociceptive evaluations were conducted 3 weeks after surgeries.

Alarcón-Alarcón D., Cabañero D., de Andrés-López J., Nikolaeva-Koleva M., Giorgi S., Fernández-Ballester G., Fernández-Carvajal A, & Ferrer-Montiel A. (2022). TRPM8 contributes to sex dimorphism by promoting recovery of normal sensitivity in a mouse model of chronic migraine. Nature Communications, 13, 6304.

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Euthanasia and Tissue Extraction

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Mice from each group were sacrificed as per the experimental design (60 days post treatment) by administration of ketamine (50 mg/ml) and xylazine (100 mg/ml) (Merck KGaA., Darmstadt, Germany) in a ratio of 4:1 through intramuscular injection to euthanize the mice. Anaesthetized mice were intracardially perfused with sterile phosphate buffer solution (PBS) to clear both non-adhering and adhering blood lymphocytes and erythrocytes. Brain, lungs, heart, kidney, liver and spleen samples were extracted and placed in 1.5 µl eppendorf tubes and collagenase (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA).

Ouma P.A., Mwaeni V.K., Amwayi P.W., Isaac A.O, & Nyariki J.N. (2022). Calcium carbide–induced derangement of hematopoiesis and organ toxicity ameliorated by cyanocobalamin in a mouse model. Laboratory Animal Research, 38, 26.

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