Rag1 mice

Mice between 6–12 weeks old were used. C57Bl/6 mice were from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME), Taconic Farms (Hudson, NY), or National Cancer Institute (Frederick, MD) or our own breeding colony. RAG1−/− mice and CCR2−/− mice were from Jackson Laboratory. CCR7−/− mice were as described (26 (link)). CCR2−/− mice were bred with CCR7−/− to generate CCR2−/−CCR7−/− mice. IL-1β−/− mice were as described (27 (link)). VEGF-lacZ mice were as described (11 (link), 12 (link), 28 (link)). All animal procedures were performed in accordance with the regulations of the Institutional Animal Use and Care Committee at the Hospital for Special Surgery (New York, NY).

Mice were bred and maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions in accordance with animal facilities at the Seattle Children’s Research Institute (SCRI). Experiments were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the SCRI Animal Care and Use Committee. IL-23R^−/− and DOCK8-deficient (DOCK8^pri/pri) mice were generated as previously described ^{24 (link), 45 (link)}. WT (C57BL/6) and Rag1^−/− mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, ME) while Rag2^−/−IL-2Rγ^−/− mice were purchased from Taconic. Most of the animal used in the study were 6 to 8 weeks old male and female mice.

C57Bl/6 Myd88^LoxP/LoxP mice (Jackson Laboratories) were crossed to C57Bl/6 CD4-Cre animals (Taconic) to produce Myd88^+/+; CD4-Cre⁺ mice (WT) and Myd88^LoxP/LoxP; CD4-Cre⁺ (T-MyD88^−/−) animals. Age-matched male mice were used to compare the spontaneous weight phenotype, including immune and microbiota responses, on a standard diet. Age-matched male and female mice were used to compare the weight phenotype, including immune and microbiota responses, on a high-fat diet (HFD). To measure T cell-dependent shaping of the microbiota, 4-week old Tcrb^−/− mice (Jackson Laboratories) were used. To investigate Desulfovibrio desulfuricans-dependent shaping of the microbiota, 6-week-old WT C57Bl/6 mice (Jackson Laboratories) were used or age-matched CD4-Cre⁺ (WT) mice from our facility were used. To measure microbiota effects on weight gain in immunodeficient mice, 4-week old Rag1^−/− mice (Jackson Laboratories) were used. GF mice were maintained in sterile isolators and verified monthly for GF status by plating and PCR of feces. GF C57Bl/6 animals were used in this study. The use of animals in all experiments was in strict adherence to federal regulations as well as the guidelines for animal use set forth by the University of Utah Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

C57BL/6 mice, Tcra^−/− mice, and Rag1^−/− mice were obtained from Jackson Laboratories. Aqp4^−/− mice were kindly provided by A. Verkman (University of California, San Francisco UCSF) and have been described before [24 (link)]. All mice were housed in a pathogen-free facility at the Technical University of Munich. All experimental protocols were approved by the standing committee for experimentation with laboratory animals of the Bavarian or Rhine Palatinate state authorities and carried out in accordance with the corresponding guidelines (AZ 55.2-1-54-2532-29-13 and 55.2-1-54-2532-95-2014).