For 3D immunofluorescence, cells were resuspended in GFR-Matrigel (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) for 45 min at 37°C before addition of complete medium. Cells were fixed using 4% PFA, permeabilized using 0.2% TX100, and incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C with fluorescence-labeled secondary antibodies and phalloidin for 3 h at 37°C. A TCS SP5 multiphoton laser-scanning confocal microscope (Leica Microsystems, Buffalo Grove, IL) with a Leica HC PL APO 40X/1.25-0.75 oil CS objective lens generated Z-stack images (0.5-μm optical sections), and the Leica AFM acquisition/analytical software suite was used to construct 3D projections.
For 3D spheroid invasion, samples were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.2% TX100, and incubated with phalloidin 3h at 37°C. Confocal microscopy was with a Leica 20× HCX PL APO CS Dry UV 0.70NA objective lens to generate Z-stack images (2.5 μm optical sections).