Vision64 v 5.30

To gauge the effect of surface treatment on ZrO₂ specimens, a 3D optical non-contact surface profiler (Contour GT, Bruker, CA, USA) was used. The roughness average parameter (Sa) was selected as the metric for analyzing the surface’s amplitude properties. Utilizing non-contact scanning white light interferometry with a standard objective camera featuring a 5× magnification, the instrument was positioned on a vibration isolation table. The profiler scanned all areas of the block where resin stub samples were intended to be bonded (n = 10/group). Each scanned region measured approximately 1.3 mm by 1.0 mm and corresponded to the central area where the resin stubs samples were bonded. The mean surface roughness for the specific group was determined by calculating the average value of the ten readings. To control the precision and measurements of surface roughness parameters, the Vision64 (v 5.30) application software (Bruker, Campbell, CA, USA) was utilized.

A micrometre-scale surface roughness of the specimens (n=10/group) was quantified with a non-contact surface profiler (Bruker Contour GT, Tucson, AZ, USA) as described previously.17 In short, the specimen’s surface was scanned at five different points using Vision64 (v 5.30) application software (Bruker, Campbell, CA, USA) to calculate the mean surface roughness (Ra, µm) value.