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31 protocols using realplex system

1

Quantifying Gene Expression by qRT-PCR

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Total RNA was extracted using RNAiso Plus (Takara Bio, China) following the manufacturer's instructions. The cDNA was synthesized from total RNA by TaKaRa One Step RNA PCR Kit (AMV) (Takara Bio, China). Relative expressions of different genes were detected by the PowerUp SYBR Master Mix Applied Biosystems (Invitrogen, USA). Each PCR reaction was run in at least 3 independent experiments using the Eppendorf Realplex system (Eppendorf AG, Germany). The comparative Ct method (ΔCt) was applied to calculate the relative expression levels, which was then normalized by the expression of β-actin. The primer sequences were either designed on the NCBI website (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast) and the PrimerBank website (http://pga.mgh.harvard.edu/primerbank/). The primers used are listed as follows:
FAP: forward 5'ATGAGCTTCCTCGTCCAATTCA3'; reverse 5'AGACCACCAGAGAGCATATTTTG3'; HIF-1-α: forward 5'GAACGTCGAAAAGAAAAGTCTCG3'; reverse 5'CCTTATCAAGATGCGAACTCACA3'; β-actin: forward 5'CATGTACGTTGCTATCCAGGC3'; reverse 5'CTCCTTAATGTCACGCACGAT3'.
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2

Quantifying Uterine Microbiome in Infertility

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Concentration of DNA from uterine cavity samples of 15 infertile patients and 15 healthy controls, and four reagents for DNA extraction, product purification, exonuclease, and DNA sequencing, were measured spectrophotometrically using a NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Fisher, USA). The four reagents were used as negative controls. The real-time PCR assay was performed using primers to amplify the 16S rRNA genes and beta-actin. The primers were listed as follows (Ma et al., 2013 (link)): Lactobacillus crispatus: forward primer 5′-AGCGAGCGGAACTAACAGATTTAC-3′, reverse primer 5′-AGCTGATCATGCGATCTGCTT-3′; Lactobacillus iners: forward primer 5′-AGTCTGCCTTGAAGATCGG-3′, reverse primer 5′-CTTTTAAACAGTTGATAGGCATCATC-3′; beta-actin: forward primer 5′-AAAAGCCACCCCACTTCTCT-3′, reverse primer 5′-CTCAAGTTGGGGGACAAAAA-3′. The 20-μl PCR mixture contained 1 μl of DNA sample, 1 μl of each primer, 6 µl of ultra-pure water and 12 µl of 2*SYBR Green Mix. The Eppendorf realplex system (Eppendorf, USA) was used with the thermal cycling profile of 95°C for 5 min, and 40 cycles of 95°C for 30 s, 56°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 30 s. Each sample had three technical replicates. The abundance of the bacterium was calculated by dividing the average CT value of 16S rRNA gene by that of beta-actin.
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3

Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis of Candida albicans

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C. albicans cells were grown overnight in 3ml of YPD and adjusted to a 3 × 106 cells/ml subculture. The cells were then incubated for two h in YPD at 30°C for yeast phase growth and in RPMI at 37°C for hyphal growth. Total RNAs were extracted with RiboPure RNA extraction kit following the manufacturer’s protocol (Ambion). cDNAs were synthesized from 1 μg of total RNAs with Retroscript Reverse Transcription Kit (Ambion) following the manufacturer’s protocol. Quantitative real-time PCR was carried out using 5-Prime SYBR green PCR kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and Eppendorf Realplex System (Eppendorf) following the manufacturers’ protocol. The primers used in this study are listed in S2 Table. Relative gene expression was calculated by the 2ΔΔCT method [47 (link)] using the transcript level of CaACT1 as the endogenous control [37 (link)].
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4

ChIP Protocol for Brn1-3V5 Immunoprecipitation

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Chromosome immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was performed as previously described [37 (link)] with the following modifications. For asynchronous and nocodazole-arrested cultures, 40 optical densities (ODs) of each culture were lysed in a Mini-Beadbeater (Biospec) and lysates were sonicated using a Diagenode Biorupter. For alpha-factor arrested cultures, 70 OD were used. Brn1-3V5 was immunoprecipitated with mouse anti-V5 (ThermoFisher) coupled to Protein G magnetic beads (New England Biolabs). Eluted DNA was quantified by qPCR on an Eppendorf Realplex system. Primers used for qPCR are listed in S2 Table.
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5

Quantification of Gene Expression

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Total RNA was extracted from 30 to 50 embryos per group in Trizol reagent (Cat. No. 11667157001, Roche) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA was reverse transcribed using the PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (Cat. No. RR047A, Takara). Quantification of gene expression was performed in triplicate using Bio-rad iQ SYBR Green Supermix (Cat. No. 1708880, Bio-rad) with detection on the Realplex system (Eppendorf). Relative gene expression quantification was based on the comparative threshold cycle method (2–ΔΔCt) using ef1α or β-actin as an endogenous control gene. qPCR on HUVECs was performed using similar procedures. All of the primers are listed in Supplementary Table 1.
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6

Macrophage Migration in Zebrafish

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To evaluate macrophage migration in zebra sh, fertilized one-cell embryos of TG(zlyz:EGFP) transgenic lines were injected with 4ng adcy9-e3i3-MO or control-MO. After treatment, all embryos were incubated at 28.5°C. At 6 dpf, embryos were anesthetized with 0.016% MS-222 (tricaine methanesulfonate, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and the number of macrophages recruited to the heart was counted.
Quantitative Real-Time PCR Total RNA was extracted from 30 to 50 embryos per group in Trizol (Roche) according to the manufacturer's instructions. RNA was reverse transcribed using the the PrimeScript RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (Takara). Quanti cation of gene expression was performed in triplicates using Bio-rad iQ SYBR Green Supermix (Bio-rad) with detection on the Realplex system (Eppendorf). Relative gene expression quanti cation was based on the comparative threshold cycle method (2 -ΔΔCt) using ef1α as endogenous control gene. Primer sequences are given in Supplementary Table 1.
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7

Embryonic RNA Extraction and Analysis

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RNA was isolated from embryos (at least 20 embryos/sample) using the Qiagen RNeasy kit (74104). One microgram of purified RNA was used to generate cDNA using the Invitrogen Thermoscript RT-PCR kit (11146-024) and oligo-dT primers. cDNA was diluted 1:20 in nuclease-free water (Ambion). For analysis of the bad e2i2 morpholino, RT-PCR was performed and analyzed by standard agarose gel electrophoresis. For quantitative real-time PCR, three technical replicates were analyzed using an Eppendorf Realplex system. Primers were designed by Roche to be used with the Universal Probe Library. All primers used for RT-PCR and qPCR are listed in Table S1. GraphPad Prism software was used to plot the data, and error bars represent the standard error of averaged data. Statistical analyses were performed in GraphPad Prism using an unpaired student’s T test.
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8

Validation of Microarray Data by qRT-PCR

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The microarray data was validated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Total RNA (1 μg) was used for cDNA synthesis, using QuantiTect Reverse Transcription Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
PCR reactions were carried out using QuantiFast SYBR Green PCR Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s protocol in an Eppendorf realplex system (Hamburg, Germany). Primer sequences are listed in Additional file 1. Thermal cycling conditions were as follows: 95 °C for 5 min followed by 40 cycles at 95 °C for 10 s and 60 °C for 30 s. The relative expression level for each gene was normalized to that of β-actin and reported as mean relative changes (± SD) compared with normal controls.
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9

Quantification of eif1axb Expression in Zebrafish

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In zebrafish, total RNA was extracted from 30 to 50 embryos per group in trizol (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA was reverse-transcribed using PrimeScript RT reagent kit with gDNA Eraser (Takara, Kusatsu, Japan). Quantification of the eif1axb gene expression was performed in triplicate using Bio-rad iQ SYBR Green Supermix (Bio-rad, Hercules, CA, USA) with detection on Real plex system (Eppendorf). Relative gene expression quantification was based on the comparative threshold cycle method (2−ΔΔCt) and normalized with the reference ef1α gene [33 (link)].
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10

Quantitative Analysis of Immune Gene Expression

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Isolation of total RNA from cells after exposing them to experimental conditions was done using TRIzol reagent (Sigma). First strand cDNA (complementary DNA) synthesis was carried out using the Verso cDNA kit (Thermo Scientific). DNA contamination in the isolated RNA was eliminated using the RT enhancer available with the kit. Semi-quantitative PCR was carried out and amplified PCR products were resolved by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis was performed in a real-plex system (Eppendorf) using the SYBR Green PCR Master mix (Thermo Scientific). Real-time PCR was carried out for IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-18, and β-actin using gene specific primers, as mentioned in Table 1. β-actin served as an internal control. Melting curve analysis was performed to confirm the specificity of amplified products, and delta CT method was used to quantify the alteration in gene expression.
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