Benzydamine hydrochloride

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Germany, United States, Austria

Benzydamine hydrochloride is a chemical compound that is used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient in various drug formulations. It has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. This information is provided as a factual description of the compound's core function, without any further interpretation or extrapolation.

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Benzydamine (4 citations) Hydrochlorides (2 citations)

9 protocols using benzydamine hydrochloride

Synthesis and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Compounds

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Acetonitrile, ampicillin, flavin adenine dinucleotide disodium salt hydrate (FAD), benzydamine hydrochloride, tamoxifen, clomiphene citrate salt, NADPH, Isopropyl-ß-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), IGEPAL (octylphenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol) and potassium phosphate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
The drugs under study were purchased from different sources, clomiphene from DBA Italia (Italy); tozasertib from Aurogene (Rome, Italy); dasatinib from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, USA) and GSK5182 (4-[1-[4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-5-hydroxy-2-phenylpent-1-enyl]phenol) (with isomer ratio of 1:1, E:Z) from Glaxosmithkline (UK).

Catucci G., Gilardi G, & Sadeghi S.J. (2020). Production of drug metabolites by human FMO3 in Escherichia coli. Microbial Cell Factories, 19, 74.

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Biopolymer-Based Delivery System for Pharmaceuticals

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Poly (DL-lactic acid) with inherent viscosity 0.55–0.75 dL/g was supplied from Lactel Absorbable Polymers (Birmingham, AL, USA). Chitosan (low molar mass, degree of deacetylation > 75%), casein sodium salt from bovine milk, benzydamine hydrochloride, betahistine dihydrochloride, mucin (type II, from porcine stomach) and Bradford reagent were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich GmbH (Taufkirchen, Germany). Tolfenamic acid was delivered by Cayman Chemical Europe (Tallinn, Estonia). All other chemicals were of analytical grade.

Pilicheva B., Uzunova Y, & Marudova M. (2022). Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films as a Potential Buccal Platform for Drug Delivery. Polymers, 14(4), 734.

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High-Throughput Cytochrome P450 Profiling

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Acetaminophen, astemizole, bupropion, N‐acetyl‐p‐aminobenzoic acid, 4‐aminobenzoic acid, benzydamine hydrochloride, chlorzoxazone, coumarin, dextromethorphan hydrobromide, 7‐Ethoxy resorufin, 7‐Hydroxycoumarin β‐D‐glucuronide sodium salt, 7‐Hydroxycoumarin sulfate potassium salt, 6β‐hydroxy testosterone, irinotecan, midazolam, phenacetin, resorufin, SN38, and sulfamethazine were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Dextrorphan tartrate, diclofenac sodium salt, 4‐hydroxydiclofenac, hydroxy bupropion, S‐mephenytoin, 4‐hydroxyquinoline, paclitaxel, and testosterone were purchased from Cayman Chemical. 7‐hydroxycoumarin was purchased from Chem Service. Benzydamine N‐oxide, kynuramine hydrobromide, and N‐acetyl sulfamethazine were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Carbazeran, 4‐hydroxyCarbazeran, 6‐hydroxychlorzoxazone, 6α‐hydroxy paclitaxel, 1′‐hydroxymidazolam, and 4‐hydroxy‐S‐mephenytoin were obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals.

Li A.P., Ho M.D., Alam N., Mitchell W., Wong S., Yan Z., Kenny J.R, & E. C. A. Hop C. (2020). Inter‐individual and inter‐regional variations in enteric drug metabolizing enzyme activities: Results with cryopreserved human intestinal mucosal epithelia (CHIM) from the small intestines of 14 donors. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives, 8(5), e00645.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Benzydamine Hydrogel

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Benzydamine hydrochloride (Mw 345.87 g/mol), sodium caseinate (from bovine milk) and CaCl₂·2H₂O (Mw 147.01 g/mol) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other reagents were of analytical grade.

Zahariev N., Marudova M., Milenkova S., Uzunova Y, & Pilicheva B. (2021). Casein Micelles as Nanocarriers for Benzydamine Delivery. Polymers, 13(24), 4357.

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Purification and Characterization of Enzymes

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2-Mercaptoethanol, Acetonitrile, Ampicillin sodium salt, Benzydamine hydrochloride, Benzydamine N-oxide hydrogen maleate, Bradford Reagent, d(+)-Glucose, Flavin adenine dinucleotide disodium salt hydrate (FAD), HisTrap HP columns, IGEPAL CA-630, Imidazole, Kanamycin, Nickel(II) sulfate hexahydrate, Lysozyme from hen egg white, Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and potassium phosphate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. NADPH tetra(cyclohexammoninum) and β-NADP sodium salt were purchased from Carbosynth. Isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was purchased from BIOSYNTH. TRIS Base was purchased from Fisher Molecular Biology. Yeast Extract and Tryptone were purchased from Fisher Bioreagents. PageRuler Unstained Protein Ladder was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Baltics UAB.

Gao C, & Zheng T. (2019). Drug metabolite synthesis by immobilized human FMO3 and whole cell catalysts. Microbial Cell Factories, 18, 133.

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Synthesis and Characterization of κ-Carrageenan Hydrogel

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Kappa-carrageenan (κ-CA), phosphorus pentasulfide (P₄S₁₀, 99%), tetramethylene sulfone (sulfolane, 99%), dimethyl sulfoxide-d₆ (DMSO-d₆, 99.9%), benzydamine hydrochloride, 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Ellman’s reagent), and sodium borohydride (NaBH₄, ≥98%), dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) and fluorescein isothiocyanate isomer 1 (FITC, ≥90%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Wien, Austria. Dialysis tubes of ZelluTrans from Carl Roth, Osterreich, Austria, with MWCO 3500 Da, were used. All the used chemicals were received from commercial sources and used without purification. Porcine small intestine was a donation from a slaughterhouse in Innsbruck.

Kali G., Fürst A., Efiana N.A., Dizdarević A, & Bernkop-Schnürch A. (2023). Intraoral Drug Delivery: Highly Thiolated κ-Carrageenan as Mucoadhesive Excipient. Pharmaceutics, 15(7), 1993.

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Quantitative Analysis of CBD and 7-OH-CBD Metabolism

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CBD and 7-OH-CBD were purchased
from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI) or Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis,
MO). Pooled human liver microsomes (HLM) [n = 50,
mixed-gender (21 female and 29 male), race (42 Caucasian, 4 Hispanic,
2 African American, and 2 Asian), and age (5–77 years old)]
were obtained from Sekisui Xenotech, LLC (Lenexa, Kansas). NADPH-regenerating
system (1.3 mM NADP, 3.3 mM glucose 6-phosphate, and 0.4 U/mL glucose
6-phosphate dehydrogenase) was obtained from Corning (Bedford, MA).
Nicotine, norNicotine, HPBA, NOX, Nic-Gluc, cotinine, COX, Cot-Gluc,
3HC, and 3HC glucuronide (3HC-Gluc) standards were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich. Fluconazole, benzydamine hydrochloride, clopidogrel,
trifluoperazine, diclofenac, amitriptyline, and tranylcypromine were
also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Optima grade methanol, acetonitrile,
and formic acid were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA).
Ultra-low-binding microcentrifuge tubes, Dulbecco’s modified
Eagle’s medium, Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline,
UDP glucuronic acid (UDPGA), alamethicin, MgCl₂, and Geneticin
(G418) were purchased from VWR (Radnor, PA). BCA protein assays were
purchased from Pierce (Rockford, IL); premium-grade fetal bovine serum
(FBS) was purchased from Seradigm (Radnor, PA), and ChromatoPur bovine
serum albumin (BSA) was purchased from MB Biomedicals (Santa Ana,
CA).

Nasrin S., Coates S., Bardhi K., Watson C., Muscat J.E, & Lazarus P. (2023). Inhibition of Nicotine Metabolism by Cannabidiol (CBD) and 7-Hydroxycannabidiol (7-OH-CBD). Chemical Research in Toxicology, 36(2), 177-187.

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Characterization of Drug Metabolism Assays

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Uridine 59-diphosphoglucuronic acid trisodium salt (UDPGA), NADPH, alamethicin from Trichoderma viride, adenosine 3-phosphate 5-phosphosulfate, diclofenac sodium salt, midazolam hydrochloride, felodipine, S-(+)-mephenytoin, raloxifene hydrochloride, lovastatin, nisoldipine, nifedipine, methadone, quinidine, testosterone, benzydamine hydrochloride, cisapride, cyclosporin, terbutaline, sildenafil, verapamil, trazodone, atorvastatin, simvastatin, buspirone, rifabutin, saquinavir, terfenadine, zolpidem, repaglinide, indinavir, alprazolam, carbazeran, enalapril, ramipril , and dabigatran etexilate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). NADPH-regenerating system containing NADP + , glucose-6phosphate, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was purchased from Corning (Wiesbaden, Germany). Organic solvents were of LC-mass spectrometry (MS) or higher quality grade and were acquired from VWR International (Radnor, PA) or Fisher Scientific UK Ltd (Loughborough, UK). Purified water was obtained from Milli-Q Integral 5 Water Purification System (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Phosphate buffer, HQM Hepatocyte/Enterocyte Incubation Medium, and Co-Factor N for MetMax were purchased from In Vitro ADMET Laboratories (Columbia, MD).

Davies M., Peramuhendige P., King L., Golding M., Kotian A., Penney M., Shah S, & Manevski N. (2020). Evaluation of In Vitro Models for Assessment of Human Intestinal Metabolism in Drug Discovery. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 48(11).

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Acquisition of Enzyme Substrates

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Dextrorphan tartrate, diclofenac sodium salt, 4-hydroxydiclofenac, S-mephenytoin, 4-hydroxyquinoline, paclitaxel, and testosterone were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI). 7-Hydroxy coumarin was purchased from Chem Service (West Chester, PA). Benzydamine N-oxide, 7-Hydroxy coumarin sulfate potassium salt, kynuramine hydrobromide, and N-acetyl sulfamethazine were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX). 4-Acetamidobenzoic acid, p-acetamidophenyl b-D-glucuronide sodium salt, 4-aminobenzoic acid, benzydamine hydrochloride, chlorzoxazone, coumarin, dextromethorphan hydrobromide, 6b-hydroxytestosterone, 7-Hydroxy coumarin b-D-glucuronide sodium salt, 7-ethoxycoumarin, paracetamol sulfate potassium, phenacetin, and sulfamethazine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Carbazeran, 4-hydroxyCarbazeran, 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone, 6a-hydroxypaclitaxel, acetaminophen glutathione disodium salt, midazolam, 19-hydroxymidazolam, and 4-hydroxy-S-mephenytoin were obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, ON, Canada). All other drug-metabolizing enzyme substrates were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.

Li A.P., Alam N., Amaral K., Ho M.D., Loretz C., Mitchell W, & Yang Q. (2018). Cryopreserved Human Intestinal Mucosal Epithelium: A Novel In Vitro Experimental System for the Evaluation of Enteric Drug Metabolism, Cytochrome P450 Induction, and Enterotoxicity. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 46(11).

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