Kn 93 phosphate

A total of 18 female BALB/c mice (6 to 8 weeks old) were purchased from the Model Animal Research Center of Nanfang Medical University (Guangdong, China). All animal experiments were performed according to the ARRIVE guidelines [19 (link)] and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Guangzhou Medical University (Approval No: 2017-224; Guangdong, China). Mice were divided into three groups with six mice in each group: normal control group (Con), adriamycin-injured group (ADR), and adriamycin and K93 (KN-93 phosphate, Selleck Chemicals)-treated group (ADR + K93). A total of 12 mice were injected once with ADR (12 mg/kg body weight) via the tail vein on day 0 [16 (link),20 (link)], and 6 control mice were injected with an equal volume of saline solution. A total of 6 ADR mice were intraperitoneally injected with K93 at a dose of 0.08 mg/kg body weight on days 1, 3, and 5. Finally, mice were anesthetized with ketamine (70 mg/kg, i.p.) before euthanasia on day 7. Then, arterial blood was collected for ELISA, and kidney tissues were collected for western blotting, HE staining, immumohistochemical staining, and TUNEL staining analyses. A mouse creatinine kit (Cayman Chemical, USA) was used to measure serum creatinine levels in mice according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Phenylthiourea (PTU), MS-222, LaCl₃, and DMSO were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Capsazepine, KRIBB11and KN-93 phosphate were obtained from Selleck (Plymouth, MI, USA). Other chemicals were obtained from Sinopharm (Shanghai, China).

(+)-MK 801 [MK, i.e., a NMDAR antagonist (Kubrusly et al., 1998 (link); Aihara et al., 2014 (link)), MCE, Monmouth Junction, United States], CNQX [CN, i.e., an AMPAR/KAR antagonist (Couratier et al., 1993 (link); Thellung et al., 2013 (link)), MCE], (RS)-MCPG [MC, i.e., a non-selective group I/group II mGluRs antagonist (Kusama-Eguchi et al., 2004 (link)), MCE], BAPTA-AM (BA, i.e., a calcium chelator, Selleck, Houston, TX, United States), KN-93 Phosphate (Selleck) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Sigma-Aldrich) as a stock solution. The stock solution was further diluted in the medium to achieve concentration of DMSO lower than 0.1%. MK, CN, MC, BA, and KN were used at a concentration of 10, 10, 50, 10, and 10 μM, respectively. Thirty minutes before the glutamate insult, the drug solution was directly added to primary retinal neuronal cultures or injected into the vitreous cavity of rats.