All data were acquired using the UVM MRI Center for Biomedical Imaging 3 T Philips Achieva dStream scanner and 32-channel head coil. The protocols made use of simultaneous multislice imaging [19] (link), [20] (link), [21] (link) (multiband SENSE) to accelerate functional and diffusion MRI acquisitions. Task and Resting state fMRI parameters were TR 800 ms, TE 30 ms, flip angle 52°, 2.4 mm isotropic imaging resolution with a 216 × 216 × 144 mm3 field of view using a multiband acceleration factor of 6 (60 slices, no gap). Structural MRI acquisition consisted of T1- and T2-weighted images at 0.8 mm isotropic resolution, along with T2-FLAIR at 1.0 mm isotropic resolution. Structural scans were used to rule out incidental pathology by our subspecialty board-certified neuroradiologist.
Achieva dstream scanner
Manufactured by Philips
Sourced in Netherlands
The Philips Achieva dStream scanner is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system designed for clinical use. It provides high-quality imaging capabilities to support diagnostic and research applications. The core function of the Achieva dStream scanner is to generate detailed images of the human body using powerful magnetic fields and radio waves.
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10 protocols using achieva dstream scanner
1
Multiband Neuroimaging Protocol for Accelerated fMRI and DTI
2
Functional MRI Acquisition Protocol for Visual Stimuli
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MRI data were acquired on a 3T Philips Achieva d-Stream scanner (Best, The Netherlands) with a 32-channel head coil. Visual stimuli were developed with Presentation® software (Neurobehavioral System Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA) and delivered through a VisuaStim digital device for fMRI (Resonance Technology Inc., Northridge, CA, USA). MRI-compatible goggles with two displays were used, with a 60 Hz frame rate and 800 × 600 spatial resolution (4/3 aspect ratio) subtending a horizontal visual angle of 30°. An MRI-compatible pad was used to record subjects’ answers and response times. The MRI protocol included the use of an anatomical T1-weighted (T1W) 3D Turbo Field Echo sequence as a subject morphological reference of MRI data (Field Of View (FOV) = 256 × 256 × 175 mm3, voxel size 1 × 1 × 1 mm3, Time of Repetition (TR) = shortest (~8.1 ms), Time of Echo (TE) = shortest (~3.7 ms), Flip Angle (FA) = 8°). The fMRI data were acquired with a T2*-weighted Gradient Echo planar sequence (FOV = 240 × 240 mm2, voxel size = 3 × 3 mm2, slice thickness = 3 mm, slice gap = 0.5 mm, slice number = 39, TR = 2 s, TE = 26 ms, FA = 90°).
3
Multimodal MRI examination of NFV and SV
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Twenty-three patients (12 NFV, 11 SV) and 24 controls received a high resolution T1-weighted structural MRI. All controls and 13 patients were scanned on a 3T Philips Intera system equipped with an 8-channel receive-only head coil (SENSitivity Encoding head coil). Ten patients were scanned on a 3T Philips Achieva dstream scanner equipped with a 32-channel head volume coil. An identical 3D turbo field echo sequence was used on both systems (coronal inversion recovery prepared 3D gradient-echo images, inversion time (TI) 900 ms, shot interval = 3,000 ms, echo time (TE) = 4.6 ms, flip angle 8°, 182 slices, voxel size 0.98 × 0.98 × 1.2 mm3). The diffusion weighted images consisted of 45 directions of diffusion weighting with b = 800 as well as 1 non-diffusion weighted image (B0), acquired in the axial plane, with isotropic voxel size of 2.2 mm, TR 9,900 ms, TE 90 ms, flip angle 90°, fold over direction AP, fat shift direction A (anterior), in-plane parallel image acceleration (SENSE) factor 2.5.
4
Multimodal Neuroimaging Protocol for Functional Brain Mapping
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Structural and functional MR images were acquired using a 3 T Philips Achieva dStream scanner with a 32 channel receive-only head coil at the University Hospitals Leuven. A T1-weighted anatomical scan was acquired at the beginning of every session (9.6 ms repetition time (TR), 4.6 ms echo time (TE), 256 × 256 acquisition matrix, 1 × 1 mm2 in-plane resolution, 182 1.2 mm thick coronal slices). The resting-state fMRI scans consisted of gradient-echo T2*-weighted echoplanar images (EPI) acquired in ascending order (420 volumes, 1000 ms TR, 33 ms TE, multiband factor 2, 64 × 64 acquisition matrix, 3.6 × 3.6 mm2 in-plane resolution, 32 4 mm thick axial slices). The neurofeedback scans consisted of T2* EPI acquired continuously in ascending order (220 volumes, 2000 ms TR, 30 ms TE, multiband factor 2, 96 × 96 acquisition matrix, 2.2 × 2.2 mm2 in-plane resolution, 52 2.5 mm thick axial slices with 0.2 mm gap). In addition, four volumes of these EPI were acquired at the start of each training session for the anatomical definition of the IPS in native space (see section 2.4.1). Real-time acquisition and transfer of the scan volumes were performed with the Philips direct reconstructor interface data dumper program (version 1.5, Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands).
5
Comprehensive Multimodal MRI Acquisition
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MRI data were acquired on a 3T Philips Achieva d-Stream scanner (Best, The Netherlands) with a 32channel head coil.
The MRI protocol included two anatomical T1 W and T2 W sequences and a DTI sequence.
T1 W data were acquired with a 3D Turbo Field Echo sequence with Field Of View (FOV)=256x256x175 mm 3 , voxel size = 1x1x1 mm 3 , Time of Repetition (TR)=shortest ( 8.1 ms), Time of Echo (TE)=shortest ( 3.7 ms) and Flip Angle = 8.
T2 W data were acquired with a 2D fast spin echo sequence with FOV = 240x240 mm 2 , voxel size = 1.5x1.5 mm 2 , slice thickness = 1.5 mm (no gap), 100 slices, TR = 3000 ms and TE = 100 ms.
DWI data were acquired with a two-shell sequence with 4 b0 volumes, 8 directions at b = 300 s/mm 2 , 32 directions at b = 1100 s/mm 2 (voxel size = 2×2 mm 2 , slice thickness = 2 mm (no gap), TR = 12 s, TE = 80 ms).
The whole acquisition protocol lasted about 35 minutes and was successfully completed by all participants. Acquired images were visually inspected by a trained radiologist technician and sequences with excessive motion artifacts were repeated. Noncollaborative subjects (N = 16) were sedated during the MRI acquisition.
The MRI protocol included two anatomical T1 W and T2 W sequences and a DTI sequence.
T1 W data were acquired with a 3D Turbo Field Echo sequence with Field Of View (FOV)=256x256x175 mm 3 , voxel size = 1x1x1 mm 3 , Time of Repetition (TR)=shortest ( 8.1 ms), Time of Echo (TE)=shortest ( 3.7 ms) and Flip Angle = 8.
T2 W data were acquired with a 2D fast spin echo sequence with FOV = 240x240 mm 2 , voxel size = 1.5x1.5 mm 2 , slice thickness = 1.5 mm (no gap), 100 slices, TR = 3000 ms and TE = 100 ms.
DWI data were acquired with a two-shell sequence with 4 b0 volumes, 8 directions at b = 300 s/mm 2 , 32 directions at b = 1100 s/mm 2 (voxel size = 2×2 mm 2 , slice thickness = 2 mm (no gap), TR = 12 s, TE = 80 ms).
The whole acquisition protocol lasted about 35 minutes and was successfully completed by all participants. Acquired images were visually inspected by a trained radiologist technician and sequences with excessive motion artifacts were repeated. Noncollaborative subjects (N = 16) were sedated during the MRI acquisition.
6
Structural and Functional MRI Acquisition
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Structural and functional MRI data were acquired on a 3T Philips Achieva DStream scanner (Philips, Best, The Netherlands) equipped with a 32-channel head coil. Structural T1-weighted images were collected using a 3D turbo field echo (TFE) SENSE sequence (field of view: 250 mm (FH) × 240 mm (AP) × 180 mm (RL), voxel size: 1 mm3, echo time (TE): 4 ms, repetition time (TR): 8 ms, flip angle: 8°). Two hundred (plus two dummy) functional MRI volumes were collected during a visuomotor task (described in section the following) using a multi-transmit T2*-weighted echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence (field of view: 120 mm (FH) × 256 mm (AP) × 256 mm (RL), voxel size: 2 × 2 × 2 mm, echo time (TE): 30 ms, repetition time (TR): 2,000 ms, flip angle: 90°). Five additional (plus two dummy) fMRI scans acquired with the same parameters but opposite phase encoding direction were used to estimate and correct for susceptibility induced distortions in the fMRI volumes.
7
ABCD-Derived Neuroimaging Protocol
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All neuroimaging data was acquired using the University of Vermont MRI Center for Biomedical Imaging 3T Philips Achieva dStream scanner and 32-channel head coil. The imaging protocol is based on that developed for the multicenter NIH-funded Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, which is derived from large studies such as the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and the Lifespan Connectome Project. The protocols make extensive use of simultaneous multislice imaging (Breuer et al., 2005; Setsompop et al., 2012a Setsompop et al., , 2012b ) (multiband SENSE) to accelerate functional and diffusion MRI acquisitions.
8
MRI Imaging of Controlled Fluid Flow
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Plastic tubing with a 0.64 cm inner diameter was coiled around a 4L plastic bottle of water and placed in the MRI scanner. Water was pumped through the tube at controlled velocity and duration using an Arduinocircuit-controlled linear actuator and plastic syringes located outside the scanner room; see Supporting Information Fig. S1 for photographs. Four phase cycles were acquired on a 3T Philips Healthcare (Best, Netherlands) Achieva dStream scanner using = 30°, TR/TE = 4.60/2.30 ms, 214 s total scan time, 𝛼 128/108/90 matrix size and 2.0/2.0/2.0 mm voxel size along frequency/phase/slice directions. Figure 7 depicts images acquired "0." without flow, and with "1." 40ml/60s, "2." 40ml/40s, and "3." 40ml/20s flow velocity during one phase cycle (1PC = 0°), and "4." 40ml/60s, "5." 40ml/40s, and "6." 40ml/20s flow
9
3T MRI Lung Imaging Protocol
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Patients and controls were scanned with a 3T MR system (Philips Achieva dStream scanner, Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands). The imaging protocol included multiple 3-point gradient echo Dixon sequences (repetition time / echo time [TR/TE] = 2.9/2.3 msec, flip angle 10 , slice thickness 4.4 mm, in-plane resolution 1.09 × 1.09 mm × mm) acquired at suspended full end-expiration (EXP) (approximately residual volume [RV]), and suspended full end-inspiration (INSP) (approximately total lung capacity [TLC]). The field of view was adjusted both in inspiration and expiration depending on subject anatomy, to both cover the entire lungs and minimize the acquisition time. Images were acquired in the coronal plane; during 10-12 seconds of breath-hold. To reduce the scan time a SENSE acceleration factor of 2 was used.
Before the imaging session, patients were instructed to sustain TLC and RV volumes during the scan. Images were checked by the radiologist and reacquired during the same imaging session if not satisfactory. All patients were experienced in performing respiratory maneuvers because they were used to spirometric tests during their follow-up. No sedation or contrast material was used. Overall acquisition time per subject, including positioning, was ~15 minutes.
Before the imaging session, patients were instructed to sustain TLC and RV volumes during the scan. Images were checked by the radiologist and reacquired during the same imaging session if not satisfactory. All patients were experienced in performing respiratory maneuvers because they were used to spirometric tests during their follow-up. No sedation or contrast material was used. Overall acquisition time per subject, including positioning, was ~15 minutes.
10
Multimodal Neuroimaging Protocol for Adolescent Brain
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All neuroimaging data was acquired using the University of Vermont MRI Center for Biomedical Imaging 3T Philips Achieva dStream scanner and 32-channel head coil. The imaging protocol is based on that developed for the multicenter NIHfunded Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, which is derived from large studies such as the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and the Lifespan Connectome Project. The protocols make extensive use of simultaneous multislice imaging [94] [95] [96] (multiband SENSE) to accelerate functional and diffusion MRI acquisitions.
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