ether, and ethyl acetate were purchased from RCI Labscan, Ltd (Bangkok,
Thailand). 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
(L-DOPA), gallic acid, aluminium chloride, quercetin, ascorbic acid, potassium
persulfate, kojic acid, tyrosinase, fetal bovine serum (FBS), sodium hydroxide,
triton X-100, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were obtained from Sigma Chemical
Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). 2,2’-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic
acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent were purchased
from Sisco Research Laboratories (Mumbai, India). Dulbecco's Modified Eagle
Medium/high glucose, penicillin/streptomycin, and trypsin/EDTA were purchased
from Thermo Scientific Hyclone (Logan, Utah, USA).
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide was purchased from
Applichem (Darmstadt, Germany). All specific primers were synthesized by
Macrogen (Seoul, Korea).