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6 protocols using diethyl ether

1

Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibition Assays

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Analytical grade reagents including acetic acid, butanol, chloroform, diethyl
ether, and ethyl acetate were purchased from RCI Labscan, Ltd (Bangkok,
Thailand). 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
(L-DOPA), gallic acid, aluminium chloride, quercetin, ascorbic acid, potassium
persulfate, kojic acid, tyrosinase, fetal bovine serum (FBS), sodium hydroxide,
triton X-100, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were obtained from Sigma Chemical
Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). 2,2’-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic
acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent were purchased
from Sisco Research Laboratories (Mumbai, India). Dulbecco's Modified Eagle
Medium/high glucose, penicillin/streptomycin, and trypsin/EDTA were purchased
from Thermo Scientific Hyclone (Logan, Utah, USA).
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide was purchased from
Applichem (Darmstadt, Germany). All specific primers were synthesized by
Macrogen (Seoul, Korea).
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2

Sensitive Cyanide Determination Protocol

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EC (99%), urea (99%), 9-xanthydrol (98%), barbituric acid, pyridine and the internal standard isotope labelled ethyl carbamate (EC-d5) were purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Cyanide standard solution (2 mg/L) was purchased from AOKE (Beijing, China). Ethyl acetate, ethanol and diethyl ether were purchased from RCI Labscan Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). Sodium hydroxide, acetic acid, sodium sulphate anhydrous and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Heowns (Tianjin, China).
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3

Synthesis of Organic Compounds

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Paraformaldehyde was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA), while p-cresol, methylamine (40% w/v in water), and sodium sulfate anhydrous were bought from Fluka Chemicals (Buchs, Switzerland). Cerium (III) nitrate hexahydrate (Ce(NO3)3⋅6H2O, 99.5% purity) was acquired from Acros Organics, while sodium hydroxide was obtained from Ajax Fine chemicals. The organic solvents, i.e., ethanol, dioxane, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, and propan-2-ol were supplied from RCI Labscan. All chemicals were analytical grade and used as received.
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4

Extraction and Concentration of Marigold Oil

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The extracts obtained from the oil extraction need to be concentrated before further analysis. The oil was removed using a saponification method. The saponification method was performed by mixing 5 g of marigold extract with 10 mL of diethyl ether (Labscan, Dublin, Ireland). Then, 10 mL of ethanolic solution containing 10% KOH (Carlo Erba, Cornaredo, Italy) was added into the mixture and incubated at room temperature in the dark for 2 h. The saponifiable part was washed with water and the layer of diethyl ether was dried using a rotary evaporator. The dried sample of the lutein-rich fraction was kept at −20 °C in the dark until further used [21 (link)].
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5

Anti-ulcer Drug Evaluation Protocol

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Omeprazole, sucralfate and ranitidine were used as standard anti-ulcer drugs and were kindly provided by Schazoo Zaka (Pvt.) Ltd. (Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakistan), Highnoon Laboratories (Pvt.) Ltd. (Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan) and Surge Laboratories (Pvt.) Ltd. (Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakistan), respectively. Alcian blue dye was obtained from Unichem, china, bovine serum albumin from Bioshop (Burlington, Ontario, Canada) and normal saline from Otsuka (Karachi, Pakistan. Diethyl ether and sucrose were acquired from Labscan (Bangkok, Thailand). Sodium hydrogen sulphite, sodium hydroxide, Sodium carbonate, potassium chloride, Tris HCl and phenolphthalein were purchased from BDH chemicals (Poole, UK). All other chemicals used in this study were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). All the reagents were prepared freshly and were of pharmaceutical grade.
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6

Polymer Functionalization and Characterization

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HPC (DS 3.00, MS 3.46, Mw 1.16 × 10 5 ) was purchased from Nanjing Yeshun Industry and International Trading Co. Ltd., Jiangsu, China, and first dried completely at 110 °C for 10 h before use in the reaction. 1,1'-Carbonyldiimidazole (CDI; mol. weight: 162.15 g/mol, m.p.: 117-122 °C), 4methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (tosyl chloride; mol. weight: 190.65 g/mol, m.p. 65-69 °C), imidazole, NaOH, ethanol and methanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Gemifloxacin mesylate (GEM) was received as a gift from Candid Pharmaceuticals, Sialkot, Pakistan, as per US Pharmacopoeia standard. N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc; mol. weight: 87.12 g/mol, b.p. 164.0 °C) was purchased from ACROS Organics. Diethyl ether was procured from Lab Scan; acetone was obtained from Merck. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO; mol. weight: 78.13 g/mol) was purchased from Panreac Sintesis, Barcelona. Regenerated cellulose tubular membrane (wall thickness 23 µm, dry cylinder diameter 21.0 mm) with nominal MWCO value of 12000-14000 was procured from Cellu•Sep ® T4 (USA). Deionized water was used for research purpose.
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