Coptisine

Ginsenoside Ro (98%), oleanolic acid (99%), Stigmasterol (95%), palmatine hydrochloride (98%), betherine (98%), epiberberine (98%), coptisine (98%), astragalin (98%), isoquercitrin (98%), baicalin (98%), wogonin (98%), chrysophanol (98%), physcion (98%) and Geniposide (98%) were sourced from the Chengdu Must Bio-technology Co., Ltd (Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China). Betaine (98%), nonanedioic acid (99.5%), succinic acid (90%), allantoin (98.5%), rutin (95%), β-sitosterol (95%) and 5-hydroxymethyl furaldehyde (99%) were sourced from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). β-ecdysterone was sourced from J&K Scientific Ltd (Beijing, China).

Chemicals for preparation of NADESs including L-proline (≥99.0%) (Pro), choline chloride (≥ 98.0%) (ChCl), laevulinic acid (≥99.0%) (La), D-(+)-glucose (≥99.5%) (Glu), glycerol (≥99.0%) (Gly), and DL-malic acid (≥99.0%) (Ma) were obtained from Aladdin Reagent Company (Shanghai, China). The reference standards of chlorogenic acid (≥98.0%), neochlorogenic acid (≥98.0%), isochlorogenic acid B (≥98.0%), coptisine (≥98.0%), groenlandicine (≥98.0%) and berberine (≥98.0%) were purchased from Chengdu Must Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade acetonitrile was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ultrapure water was produced by a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Milford, MA, USA). All other chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade. Four commercial preparations of JQJT were bought from pharmaceutical markets: JQJT-1, JQJT granule from Zhongjing Wanxi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Zhengzhou, China); JQJT-2, JQJT tablet from Zhongxin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Tianjin, China); JQJT-3, JQJT capsule from Tianyitang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Zhejiang, China); JQJT-4, JQJT capsule from Xianzhen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Liaoning, China).