Copper 2 chloride dihydrate

Copper(II) chloride dihydrate (CuCl₂·2H₂O, AR), copper (II) nitrate, trihydrate (Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O, AR), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO₃, AR), potassium hydroxide (KOH, AR), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, AR), ammonia (NH₃·H₂O, 25.0–28.0%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, CP, 36%–38%), isopropanol, methanol, and acetone were all purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 1H-1,2,3-Benzotriazole (1H-BTA) (C₆H₅N₃) was purchased from J&K Scientific. Copper(II) hydroxide (Cu(OH)₂), copper(II) phthalocyanine (CuPc), 3-(trimethylsilyl)−1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt (DSS), (dimethyl sulfoxide)-d6 (DMSO-d6), and Nafion solution (~5 wt.%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Proton exchange membrane (Nafion 115) was purchased from Dupont. Anion exchange membrane (Sustainion x37-50-grade-60) was purchased from Dioxide Materials. Titanium gauze (100 mesh) and iridium(III) chloride hydrate (IrCl₃·3H₂O) were obtained from Alfa Aesar. Carbon paper-based gas diffusion layers (GDLs, Sigracet 29 BC) were purchased from the Fuel Cell Store. Ultrapure Millipore water (resistivity 18.2 MΩ cm) was used for all experiments. All the chemicals were used without further purification.

Graphene oxide (GO, thickness, 0.8–1.2 nm) was purchased from Nanjing XFNANO Materials Tech. Co., Ltd and employed as the support. 1,10-Phenanthroline(C₁₂H₈N₂, 97.0%), Zeolite (Permutit) and γ-Al₂O₃ were all purchased from Aladdin. Carbon black VX 72 was bought from Cabot Corporation. Acetone, Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate (CoCl₂·6H₂O, 99.0%), Copper(II) chloride dihydrate (CuCl₂·2H₂O, 99.0%), Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl₂·4H₂O, 99.0%), and Palladium(II) chloride (PdCl₂, 99.99%) were received from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Rhodium(III) chloride trihydrate (RhCl₃·3H₂O, 98%), Chloroauric acid (HAuCl₄), and Chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate (H₂PtCl6·6H₂O, 99.99%) were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. Nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl₂·6H₂O, 99.999%), Stannic chloride hydrated (SnCl₄·5H₂O, 99.995%), and Iridium chloride (IrCl₃, 99.8%) were received from Aladdin. All the reagents were used without further purification. Ultrapure Milli-Q water (18.2 MΩ cm⁻¹) was used to prepare all the aqueous solutions and wash samples. Ethanol was received from Shanghai Lingfeng chemical regent Co., Ltd. Pt/C (20 wt%) was purchased from MACKLIN Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd.

Silver nitrate (AgNO₃), ethylene glycol (EG), iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃·6H₂O), and copper (II) chloride dihydrate (CuCl₂·2H₂O) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP, K90) was purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. All chemicals were used without further purification. In a typical process, EG solution of PVP‐K90 (0.15 m, 10 mL), CuCl₂·2H₂O (0.6 mm, 0.75 mL), FeCl₃·6H₂O (0.6 mm, 0.75 mL), and AgNO₃ (0.1 m, 5 mL) were first mixed in a glass beaker and vigorously stirred for 1 min, and the obtained uniform mixed solution was transferred into a 50 mL Teflon‐lined autoclave container, which was then sealed and maintained at 140 °C in an oven for 4 h. Finally, the products were obtained after centrifuging and then dried at 60 °C. The total mass of AgNWs is 48.6 mg with 90% productivity.

Chitosan (deacetylation degree, 90%), nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate (NiCl₂·6H₂O; 99.9%), copper (II) chloride dihydrate (CuCl₂·2H₂O; 99.9%), ethylene glycol (EG; 99.8%), hydrazine monohydrate (N₂H₄·H₂O; 80%), SDS, and acetic acid (HAc; 98%) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. Copper plate, platinum plate, and other chemicals were obtained from commercial sources in China. All chemicals were of analytical grade and were used as received without further purification.