2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazolin-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (TROLOX), 4-methylcatechol, and 2-phenylethanol were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Seelze, Germany). Potassium persulphate and absolute ethanol were purchased from Carlo ERBA Reagents (Val de Reuil, France). Sodium hydroxide was purchased from VWR (Leuven, Belgium). Sodium phosphate was purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Sodium dihydrogen phosphate anhydrous was purchased from Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain). Plate count agar (PCA) and rose bengal chloramphenicol agar (RBCA) were acquired from Liofilchem (Teramo, Italy), while Ringer tablets were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Food-grade ascorbic acid (AA) was kindly supplied by Nutre (Vagos, Portugal).
Ringer tablets
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany
Ringer tablets are a type of laboratory equipment used to prepare Ringer's solution, a balanced salt solution commonly used in various applications, such as cell culture and animal experiments. The tablets contain a specific blend of salts, including sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride, which are dissolved in water to create the Ringer's solution.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Absolute ethanol, by Carlo Erba (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Avantor (1 mentions)
Sodium phosphate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
6 hydroxy 2 5 7 8 tetramethylchroman 2 carboxylic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 phenylethanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Plate count agar, by Liofilchem (1 mentions)
4 methylcatechol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Rose bengal chloramphenicol agar, by Liofilchem (1 mentions)
R limonene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Lb broth miller, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Plate count agar pca, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Bagmixer, by Interscience (1 mentions)
N 3 dimethylaminopropyl n ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride edc, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hyaluronic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Doxycycline, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
4 morpholineethanesulfonic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
D gluconic acid δ lactone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium alginate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
D 1 14c mannitol, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Alcian blue 8gx, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
5 protocols using ringer tablets
1
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Compounds
2
Synthesis and Characterization of PLA Films
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Poly(lactic acid) (PLA 4060D, MW = 120,000 g/mol, amorphous polymer with an L-lactide content of around 88 wt%) was purchased from NatureWorks LLC (Minnetonka, MN, USA); (R)-(+)-Limonene (C10H16 MW = 136.23 g/mol) and acetone was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, UK). All chemicals were used without further purification.
LB Broth (MILLER) (Sigma-AldrichTM Solutions, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) was purchased in powder format and was mixed as per the manufacturer’s instructions to make liquid LB broth culture media. Ringer’s solution was prepared as per the manufacturer’s instructions by dissolving RINGER tablets (MilliporeTM Solutions, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) in deionised (DI) water. Bacteriological Agar (powder form, Sigma-AldrichTM Solutions, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) was added at a 1.5 w/v% ratio to LB broth to generate a firm-set solid agar substrate to culture the respective microorganisms on. Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 19685) and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) were cultured as per the manufacturer’s instructions; cryopreserved bacteria frozen at −20 °C in 50% glycerol were used to generate the starter cultures described within this work.
LB Broth (MILLER) (Sigma-AldrichTM Solutions, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) was purchased in powder format and was mixed as per the manufacturer’s instructions to make liquid LB broth culture media. Ringer’s solution was prepared as per the manufacturer’s instructions by dissolving RINGER tablets (MilliporeTM Solutions, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) in deionised (DI) water. Bacteriological Agar (powder form, Sigma-AldrichTM Solutions, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) was added at a 1.5 w/v% ratio to LB broth to generate a firm-set solid agar substrate to culture the respective microorganisms on. Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 19685) and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) were cultured as per the manufacturer’s instructions; cryopreserved bacteria frozen at −20 °C in 50% glycerol were used to generate the starter cultures described within this work.
3
Enumerating Microbial Load in Frozen Fish
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For the enumeration of microbial load (Total Viable Count, TVC) in fish samples during frozen storage, a representative sample (25 g) was transferred to a sterile stomacher bag with 225 mL sterilized Ringer (Merck Ringer Tablets in distilled water) and was homogenized for 60 s with a Stomacher (BagMixer® interscience, Saint-Nom-la-Bretèch, France). A total of 0.1 mL of 10-fold serial dilutions of fish homogenates was spread on the surface of the appropriate media (Plate Count Agar-PCA, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) in Petri dishes for the enumeration of TVC and incubated at 25 °C for 72 h. Microbial load was expressed as logCFU/g of fish. Each measurement was carried out on two independent specimens and the average values were calculated.
4
Antimicrobial Hydrogel Formulation
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Sodium Alginate (SAL, M.w. 216 g/mol), Hyaluronic acid (HA, M.w. 8–15 kDa), Poly (D,L-lactide) (PLA, M.w. 75–120 kDa), N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), Amoxicillin (AMX), Metronidazole (MZL), and Doxycycline (DXC) were provided by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The structures and molecular weights are presented in Figure 7 .
Adipic dihydrazide (ADH), D-(+)–Gluconic acid δ-lactone (GDL), 4-Morpholineethanesulfonic acid, 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (MES), and Ringer tablets were manufactured by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). CaCl2 was provided by Pol-Aura (Dywity, Poland).
Adipic dihydrazide (ADH), D-(+)–Gluconic acid δ-lactone (GDL), 4-Morpholineethanesulfonic acid, 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid sodium salt (MES), and Ringer tablets were manufactured by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). CaCl2 was provided by Pol-Aura (Dywity, Poland).
5
Fluorescent Tracer Protocols for Intestinal Permeability
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Fluorescein-isothiocyanate dextran of 4 kDa (FD4) and 59–77 kDa (FD70), Alcian blue 8Gx, and Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Søborg, Denmark). Sodium decanoate > 99% (C10) and MES anhydrous BioChemica (MES) were acquired from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. (Tokyo, Japan) and PanReac AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany), respectively. Sucrose was bought from WVR (Søborg, Denmark), and Ringer tablets, periodic acid solution, and Schiff's reagent were obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). SPHERO™ Fluorescent Nile Red Particles with a diameter of 0.1–0.3 µm were purchased from Nordic BioSite (Copenhagen, Denmark). Mannitol D-[1-14C] (57.2 mCi/mmol) and Ultima Gold scintillation fluid were purchased from Perkin Elmer (Ballerup, Denmark). Metoprolol-[3H] (27.6 Ci/mmol) was obtained from Vitrax Radiochemicals (Placentia, CA, USA). Alexa Fluor 555-conjugated oligonucleotides targeting bacterial 16S RNA (sequence: 5′-GCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGT-3′) were synthesized by Eurofins Genomics (Ebersberg, Germany). Primers for intestinal gene expression were designed based on published sequences of target genes in pigs using the NCBI online primer design tool (Primer-BLAST: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast/ ). Freshly prepared ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ × cm) purified by a PURELAB flex 4 (ELGA High Wycombe, UK) was used if not otherwise stated.
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