CHimi polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) using the potassium bromide (KBr) technique. Each pellet was prepared by blending 2 mg of the polymer (vacuum dried 24 hours at 60°C) with 200 mg of KBr (dried 24 hours at 105°C). After a 5 min purge of the sample chamber with N2, the infrared spectra were immediately recorded in a FTIR system 2000 from Perkin-Elmer by accumulation of 200 interferograms at a 4 cm−1 spectral resolution. The degree of substitution of the glucosamine residues was calculated as previously described [10] (link). TMC molecular weight was characterized by gel permeation chromatography; measurements were performed in 0.33 M NaCH3COOH/0.28 M CH3COOH eluent at a flow rate of 1 mL.min−1 (MW 43.3 kDa). TMC degree of quaternization (DQ) was determined by 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Bruker Avance II); samples were dissolved in D2O (2 mg.mL−1) at 60°C overnight; the DQ was calculated according to Mourya [29] (link) (30.1%). Degree of acetylation was calculated by FTIR (11.1%).
Ftir system 2000
Manufactured by PerkinElmer
Sourced in United States
The FTIR System 2000 is a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) instrument designed for laboratory applications. The core function of this system is to analyze the infrared spectrum of a sample, providing information about its chemical composition and molecular structure.
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Lab products found in correlation
Avance 2, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Spectrum software, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Abi prism 3730xl dna sequencer, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
U 3010 spectrophotometer, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
N hydroxysuccinimide nhs, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
F 4500 fluorophotometer, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
V 730 spectrophotometer, by Jasco (1 mentions)
Autoimage, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
S 4800, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
9 protocols using ftir system 2000
1
Characterization of CHimi Polymers
2
Detonation Nanodiamond Characterization
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A TecnaiG2-20 TEM was used to observe the surface morphologies of detonation nanodiamond. A Hitachi S-4800 scanning electron microscope was used to observe their surface morphologies, and the samples were coated with gold using an Emitech K 550 Coater. The hardness of the samples was tested by a Universal TA texture analyzer. The functional groups of DND@SA hydrogel beads were confirmed using a PerkinElmer FTIR System 2000 in the 600–4000 cm−1 range at a resolution of 4 cm−1 using the KBr wafer technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted using diffractometer WJP75-91WJQ9. The absorption capacity of DND, SA-Ca, and DND@SA hydrogel beads to light were determined by Cary 5000 UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer. Thermogravitational analysis (TGA) was carried out on a HENVEN HCT-3 by heating the samples to 900 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. All the samples were completely dry before characterization. Visible light irradiation was provided by exposing samples to light from an analog daylight lamp source (PLS-SXE300C), which yielded an intensity of 100 mW cm−2, as measured by an FZ-A Radiometer. The temperature variation of DND@SA composites aqueous solution was monitored using a non-contact infrared thermometer (GM320, BENETECH). An infrared camera (CHAUVIN ARNOUX/CA73) was used to take infrared photographs.
3
Urine Amino Acid Analysis for Urolithiasis
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Urine amino acid levels were quantitatively measured with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) to reveal changes in urinary dibasic amino acid levels including cystine. After urologic intervention of each patient, urinary stone analysis was performed to examine the chemical composition through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) using the FT-IR system 2000 (PerkinElmer, Wallac Oy, Turku, Finland) and Spectrum software (PerkinElmer) described in a previous publication [8 ]. For genetic analysis, DNA was extracted from whole blood using a Roche MagNA Pure 96 DNA isolation kit (Roche Applied Science, Manheim, Germany). The SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 gene sequences were obtained with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and full sequencing using an ABI Prism 3730XL DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The in-house designed primers are available upon reasonable request. Nucleotides were numbered according to the transcript sequences of SLC3A1 (NM_000341.3) and SLC7A9 (NM_014270.4).
4
Synthesis and characterization of PEG-NHS conjugate
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Methoxy-polyethylene glycol was obtained from Fluka Chemical Co. (Buchs, St. Gallen, Switzerland) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) from Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other reagents and solvents were also purchased from Aldrich. Absorbance and fluorescence spectra were measured on a U-3010 spectrophotometer (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) and an F-4500 fluorophotometer (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), respectively. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were obtained in CDCl3 in a 400 MHz Fourier-transform-NMR spectrometer and the functional groups were recorded using a Perkin Elmer FT-IR system 2000 (Waltham, MA, USA).
5
FTIR and UV-Vis Analysis of Encapsulation
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FTIR analyses in the 4000–400 cm−1 region were conducted using an FTIR System 2000 (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) with KBr as the medium. UV–vis spectroscopy (JASCO V-730 spectrophotometer, Easton, MD, USA) was used to determine the encapsulation efficiency (EE) and the drug-loading capacity (DLC).
6
Organic Dust Analysis via FTIR
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Organic extracts of dust samples of air were collected by the glass microfiber filters of size 1.6 µm. These extracts were then analysed through the FTIR system 2000 (Perkin Elmer, USA, ANC-1). The dust samples taken from the non-coal mine site i.e. around the research institute served as a control.
7
Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of Tumor Tissue
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For each of the nine patients, four cross-sections according to the preservation protocols (“native”, “formalin”, “in paraffin”, “dewaxed”) were investigated. Three tumor and three salivary gland tissue regions were selected for each cross-section (Figure 2 ). Ten randomly chosen spectra were collected per tissue region resulting in 60 measurements of each tumor cross-section. In total, 2160 single FTIR spectra were recorded in reflectance mode with an infrared microscope (Autoimage, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) coupled to an FTIR spectrometer (FTIR System 2000, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) shown in Figure 1 .
Following sample illumination, the reflected light was collected with a thermoelectric cooled mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detector. The system was referenced against air and 256 accumulations for each measurement with a gain of 4 were acquired. The spectral resolution was 4 cm−1 and the optical path difference velocity was 2 cm/s. The wavenumbers range from 4000 cm−1 to 700 cm−1. An aperture size of 50 μm × 50 μm was used, which represents the measured area integrated for each single FTIR spectrum.
Following sample illumination, the reflected light was collected with a thermoelectric cooled mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detector. The system was referenced against air and 256 accumulations for each measurement with a gain of 4 were acquired. The spectral resolution was 4 cm−1 and the optical path difference velocity was 2 cm/s. The wavenumbers range from 4000 cm−1 to 700 cm−1. An aperture size of 50 μm × 50 μm was used, which represents the measured area integrated for each single FTIR spectrum.
8
Characterization of Functionalized Nanomaterials
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The functional groups were confirmed using a PerkinElmer FTIR System 2000 via KBr pellet. The morphology of HHF and HHF-PODS was carried out with field-emission scanning electron microscopy (Hitachi S-4800, Japan) using an In-Lens detector operated at accelerating voltages of 5 and 20 kV. Elemental analysis was performed using an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) detector equipped with an SEM. Contact angles were observed by a Krüss CCA200 contact angle goniometer at ambient temperature and the volumes of probing liquids in the measurements were approximately 5.0 μL. The values were averages from goniometers at least three different positions for HHF and HHF-PODS.
9
Temperature-Programmed Desorption of Ammonia
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The samples (about 0.2 g) were first heated under nitrogen up to 300 °C, and then exposed at 120 °C to NH 3 . After flushing the excess of NH 3 at 120 °C with N 2 for 1 h and cooling to 80 °C, the TPD program was started (10 °C min -1 up to 500 °C, keeping for 30 min at 500 °C). Desorbed NH 3 was monitored continuously via IR spectroscopy (FT-IR System 2000, PerkinElmer), and quantified by back-titration with sodium hydroxide solution, to determine the total amount of acid sites.
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