Ch3oh

Here, we tested the growth, amino acid, and lipid production of M. okinawensis when exposed to a maximum amount of one certain inhibitor (i.e., 210.91 µL L⁻¹ 37% H₂CO (ROTIPURAN, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) (7.656 mmol L⁻¹), 210.91 µL L⁻¹ CH₃OH (98%, Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany) (5.207 mmol L⁻¹), or 14.06 g L⁻¹ NH₄Cl (99.5%, Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany) (0.263 mol L⁻¹), respectively) while the other two inhibitors were added at a minimal amount (i.e., 9.09 µL L⁻¹ (0.330 mmol L⁻¹) H₂CO, 9.09 µL L⁻¹ (0.224 mmol L⁻¹) CH₃OH, and 1.44 g L⁻¹ NH₄Cl (0.027 mol L⁻¹), respectively). In the following, the four different settings will be called “Min” (all amounts at minimum), “Me” (high in CH₃OH), “Am” (high in NH₄Cl), and “Fo” (high in H₂CO). The H₂CO (37 Vol.%) solution also contained minor amounts of CH₃OH. However, these amounts are as small as the statistical error and are negligible for the current application. All experiments were performed in quadruplicates together with an additional zero control as described in Section 2.1.

Astragali Radix was collected from Baotou County, NeiMenggu Province, China, which is one of the regions in which Astragali Radix is typically cultivated. The samples of Astragali Radix were identified by prof. Xunhong Liuto be the dried roots of A. membranaceus. The samples were stored in a dry, dark room atthe School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine.
Reference compounds, including CYG, FMG, CY and FM were purchased from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). Malonyl isoflavonoid glycosides, including FMM, CYM, astraperocarpan-3-O-β-D-glycoside-6″-O-malonate and astraisoflavanglycoside-6″-O-malonate were isolated from the dried roots. The structures were confirmed by comparison of their spectral data (UV, MS,¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR) with those published in cited references. The purities of the isolated compounds were above 98.0%, as determined by HPLC-PAD using the peak area normalization method.
HPLC grade ACN and CH₃OH were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany); distilled water was further purified by Milli-Q system (Millipore, Milford, MA, USA). HPLC grade formic acid was purchased from the Hanbang Company of Nanjing (Nanjing, China).

The materials employed for the synthesis of as-synthesized photocatalyst include ammonium metavanadate (NH₄VO₃, 99.0%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), ethanol (C₂H₅OH, 99.99%, Merck chemicals, Darmstadt, Germany), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 98.9%, Fisher scientific, Richardson, TX, USA), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%, CARLO ERBA Reagents, Barcelona, Spain), N,N-dimethylformamide (HCON(CH₃)₂, 99.8%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 2-ethoxyethanol (C₂H₅OCH₂CH₂OH, 99%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), acetonitrile (CH₃CN, 99.8% purity, Merck chemicals, Darmstadt, Germany), β-butyrolactone (C₄H₆O₂, 98%, Merck chemicals, Darmstadt, Germany), and methanol (CH₃OH, 99.99%, Merck chemicals, Darmstadt, Germany). Deionized water was used as a synthesis and cleaning reagent throughout the experimentation.