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4 protocols using alexa flour 488 conjugated

1

Immunohistochemical Staining of Brain Sections

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Immunohistochemical staining was performed as previously described (Miao et al. 2020 (link)). Briefly, coronal brain sections were blocked with 5% goat serum in phosphate-buffered saline with 0.1% Triton-X 100 for 1 h, followed by primary antibody incubations for 1 h at room temperature and overnight incubation at 4 °C. The following primary antibodies were used: Rat anti MAP2 (1:400; Millipore), Rabbit anti Ly6G (1:300; Abcam), Rabbit anti F4/80 (1:300; Bio Legend), Alexa Flour 488-conjugated (1:300; Invitrogen), Rat anti CD31 (1:300; BD Biosciences). Rabbit anti-MMP-2 (1:200, ab97779, Abcam), goat anti-CD206 (1:250, AF2535, R&D), rat anti-CD16/32 (1:250, ab25235, Abcam), and rabbit anti-Iba1 (1:1000, ab5076, Abcam).
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2

Anti-PRRSV nsp1β Rabbit Antibody Generation

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An anti-PRRSV-nsp1β rabbit pAb specific for NA-PRRSV nsp1β was generated at the Immunological Research Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (Urbana, IL). The anti-LV-nsp2/3 antibody was a generous gift from E. Snijder, (Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands). Anti-N protein mAbs (SDOW17) was obtained from E. Nelson (South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD). polyinosinic: polycytidylic [poly (I:C)], DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindol), anti-Flag mAb (F3165), and anti-FLAG pAb (F7425) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Anti-β-actin mAb (sc-47778), anti- HSP90 mAb (sc-69703), and anti-PARP pAb (sc-7150) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnologies Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA). Anti-ISG15 pAb and anti-GFP pAb were purchased from Thermo Scientific (Rockford, IL). Anti-DEPTOR pAb was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). The peroxidase-conjugated Affinipure goat anti-mouse IgG and peroxidase-conjugated Affinipure goat anti-rabbit IgG were purchased from Jackson Immuno Research (West Grove, PA). Alexa-Flour 488-conjugated and Alexa-Flour 568-conjugated secondary antibodies were purchased from Invitrogen.
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3

PRRSV Nsp1β Antibody Characterization

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Antibodies and chemicals used in the present study are listed as follows. Anti (α)-PRRSV-nsp1β PAb (rabbit polyclonal antibody) specific for PRRSV-2 nsp1β was generated at the Immunological Research Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (Urbana, IL). α-N protein MAb (MR40; mouse monoclonal antibody) was obtained from E. Nelson (South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD). α-p65 Mab (mouse) (F-6, sc-8008) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnologies Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA). Alexa-Flour 488-conjugated and Alexa-Flour 568-conjugated secondary antibodies were obtained from ThermoFisher (Rockford, IL). Human tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (8902) was purchased from Cell Signaling (Danvers, MA). DAPI (4′, 6′-diamidino-2-phenylindol) and Polyinosinic:polycytidylic [poly (I:C)] were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Human and porcine recombinant IFN-β were purchased from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA), and for stimulation, 1000 unit/ml was added to cells for 6 h.
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4

Immunofluorescence Assay for NF-κB Activation

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HeLa (NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program, Germantown, MD) cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Corning Inc., Corning, NY), supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, Grand Island, NY), in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 at 37 °C. A549 cells and 16HBE14o cells (Kindly provided by Gee Lau, University of Illinois) were maintained in Minimum Essential Medium (MEM; Corning Inc., Corning, NY), supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 at 37 °C. Anti (α)-FLAG PAb (rabbit) was purchased from Rockland Inc (Gilbertsville, PA). α-p65 Mab (mouse) (F-6, sc-8008) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnologies Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA). Alexa-Flour 488-conjugated, and Alexa-Flour 568-conjugated secondary antibodies were obtained from ThermoFisher (Rockford, IL). Human tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (8902) was purchased from Cell Signaling (Danvers, MA). DAPI (4′, 6′-diamidino-2-phenylindol) was obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO).
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