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11 protocols using chemiimager 4000

1

Caspase-3 and MMP-3 Protein Detection

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Active caspase-3 and MMP-3 was detected by Western blot with β-actin as an internal control. Cells were treated with various concentrations (30, 60, and 90 μg/ml) for 24 h, and then we collected the cells. This was accomplished by performing the following steps: (1) Completely lyse each sample by cell lysis buffer, then centrifuge them at 2000 r/min for 10 min. (2) Gather 100 μl of supernatant and add 20 μl lauryl sodium sulfate buffer (6×), then degeneration by boiling water bath for 10 min. (3) Separate protein by electrophoretic with 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gelatin, and then transfer samples to nitrocellulose membrane and confine for 1 h. (4) Add primary antibody of caspase-3 (Bioworld, diluted to 1: 500) and β-actin (Proteintech, diluted to 1:2000) at 37°C for an hour. (5) Second antibody (anti-rabbit IgG) marked with horse radish peroxidase (HRP) was added, at 37°C for 1 h. (6) Scan and analyze the result with digital gel imaging (Chemi Imager 4000, Alpha Innotech US).
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2

Evaluating Neuroprotective Mechanisms

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Active caspase-3, PARP, Akt, and p-Akt were detected by Western blot with GAPDH as a control. Human NPCs were divided into four groups: control, TNF-α (100 ng/mL), TNF-α (100 ng/mL) with pretreated 17β-estradiol (10 um/L), TNF-α (100 ng/mL) with pretreated 17β-estradiol (10 um/L) and MK2206 (10 um/L, inhibitor of PI3K/AKT pathway) for 24 hours, and then the cells were collected. This was accomplished by performing the following steps: (1) Complete lyses of each sample by cell lysis buffer, then centrifugation at 11,000 rpm for 15 minutes. (2) Collected 100 μL of supernatant and add 20 μL lauryl sodium sulfate buffer (6×), then degenerated by boiling water bath for 5 minutes. (3) Separated protein by electrophoretic with 12% SDS-polyacrylamide gelatin under 110 mV, and then transfer samples to nitrocellulose membrane and confined for 2 hour with 200 mA. (4) Added primary antibody of Akt, p-Akt, PARP, active caspase-3 (Bioworld, diluted to 1: 1,000), and GAPDH (Proteintech, diluted to 1: 2,000) at 37°C for one hour. (5) Antibody (anti-rabbit IgG) marked with horse radish peroxidase (HRP) was added at 37°C for one hour. (6) Scan and analyze the result with digital gel imaging (Chemi Imager 4000, Alpha Innotech USA).
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3

Western Blot Analysis of NF-κB, NGF, and TNF-α

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Protein isolation and Western blot were conducted as previously reported [9 (link)]; a total of 20 mg protein was loaded for each sample. The primary antibodies used in Western blot were nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB, 1:500, ab16502; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), NGF (1:300, ab6199; Abcam), TNF-α (1:500, ab6671; Abcam), and β-actin (1:1,000, ab8227; Abcam). After incubation with the secondary antibody, the resulting images were analyzed with ChemiImager 4000 (Alpha Innotech Corp., San Leandro, CA, USA) to determine the integrated density value of each protein band.
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4

Cellular Lysis and Western Blot Analysis

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The cells were lysed in the lysis buffer (150 mM NaCl, 0.1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 50 mM-Tris, 1mM-dithiothreitol, 5 mM-Na3VO4, 1mM-phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 10 μg/ml trypsin, 10 μg/ml aprotinin, 5μg/ml leupeptin; pH 7.4). After incubation for 30 min at 4°C, the sample was centrifuged at 15,000 g for 8 min at 4°C, and the supernatant was collected as whole cell lysate and stored at -80°C until use. Equivalent amounts of proteins were separated on 10% SDS–PAGE gels and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. Western blot analyses were performed using LC3-II, AMPK, p-AMPK, p38 MAPK, p-p38 MAPK, Akt, p-Akt, mTOR, p-mTOR, p70S6K, p-p70S6K, 4E-BP-1, p-4E-BP-1, and β-actin antibodies. The membrane was incubated with the secondary alkaline phosphatase-conjugated IgG and detected using the Western Blue Stabilized Substrate for alkaline phosphatase (Promega, USA). The bands were analyzed using ChemiImager 4000 (Alpha Innotech, USA).
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5

Protein Quantification and Immunoblotting

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Protein isolation and Western blot were conducted as previously reported (11 (link)). A total of 20 mg protein was loaded for each sample. The primary antibodies used in Western blot were anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, 1:500, AB152, Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA), anti-vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT, 1:500, ABN100, Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) and β-actin (1:1,000, ab8227; Abcam). After incubation with the secondary antibody, the resulting images were analyzed with ChemiImager 4000 (Alpha Innotech Corp., San Leandro, CA, USA) to determine the integrated density value of each protein band.
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6

Protein Expression Analysis by Western Blot

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The cellular protein samples were prepared by homogenization of cells in a lysis buffer containing 1% IGEPAL CA-630, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% sodium docecyl sulfate, aprotinin (10 mg/mL), leupeptin (10 mg/ mL), and PBS. Cell lysates containing 20 ug of protein were electrophoresed in sodium docecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (Millipore Corp, Bedford, MA, USA). The membrane was stained with Ponceau S to verify the integrity of the transferred proteins and to monitor the unbiased transfer of all protein samples. Detection of target proteins on the membranes was performed with an electrochemiluminescence kit (Amersham Life Sciences Inc, Arlington Heights, IL, USA) with the use of primary antibodies for MHC, myf5, p-elf2a, and elf2a (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), p-PERK, and PERK (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA, USA), ATF4 and β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). After the hybridization of secondary antibodies, the resulting images were analyzed with ChemiImager 4000 (Alpha Innotech) to determine the integrated density value of each protein band.
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7

Quantifying MAPK1 and LC3 Protein Levels

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Primary antibodies used in these experiments were anti-MAPK1 (1:1000, Santa Cruz
Biotechnology), anti-LC3 (1: 1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and β-actin protein (1:
1000; sc-81178; Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Cells from each group were digested (50 mM
Tris–HCl (pH 6.8), 10 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate
(SDS), 5 mM dithiothreitol, 0.5 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride) and then the
supernatants were collected after centrifugation of 15,000 × g for 1 h.
Cell lysate (100 ml) was collected to perform protein quantification using the Bradford
method. Equal amounts of protein (20 mg) from each cell sample were separated by SDS-
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) on an 8% polyacrylamide gel and transferred to
polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA, USA). This membrane was
incubated overnight with a primary antibody (dilution 1:1000) at 41°C, then incubated with
a horse radish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Zymed Laboratory, San Francisco,
CA, USA) for 1 h at room temperature. Detection of reactive antigens was performed using
an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) kit (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). The resulting image
was analyzed with ChemiImager 4000 (Alpha Innotech, San Leandro, CA, USA) for protein band
densitometry.
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8

Exosome Protein Profiling via Western Blot

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NPCs and exosomes were lysed, and the protein concentration was measured by BCA. The lysates were centrifuged, then subjected to SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes, and the membranes were blocked with 5% skim milk for 1 h at room temperature. After washing with 1xTBST buffer, the primary antibody was added and incubated at 4°C overnight. Then, the membrane was washed 3 times in 1×TBST buffer and the second antibody was added and incubated at room temperature for 2 h. The protein expression level was analyzed by digital gel imaging (Chemi Imager 4000, Alpha Innotech USA). Human serum exosomes (Umibio Co., Shanghai, China) served as the positive control protein (PC).
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9

Western Blot Analysis of Colon Tissue

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Frozen colon samples were ground into powder in liquid nitrogen and lysed in ice-cold NP-40 lysis buffer containing 1 mM of protease inhibitor PMSF for 30 min. Colon tissue homogenate was centrifuged at 16,000×g for 20 min at 4°C, the supernatants were collected for Western blot analysis. Equal amounts of proteins (60 μg) were subsequently separated with SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to PVDF membranes. After blocking with 5% skimmed milk at room temperature for 1 h, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies at 4°C overnight, washed with TBST, and incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies at room temperature for 1.5 h. The membranes were visualized with an enhanced chemiluminescence reagent. The relative densities of the individual bands were analyzed densitometrically using the ChemiImager 4,000 instrument (Alpha Innotech, USA).
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10

Quantifying Protein Expression in Y79 Cells

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We grouped the Y79 cells as follows: ( The monolayer cultures were collected with cell scrapers and then lysed with 100 μL of cell lysis buffer on ice for 30 min. The cell lysates were centrifuged, and supernatants were collected. Total protein was prepared from each group. The protein concentrations in the supernatants were aliquoted and maintained using the BCA method (Biocolor, Shanghai, China) for further experiments. A total of 50 μg of protein per sample was electrophoresed with 10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane (Millipore, Billerica, MA). It was blocked with 5% skimmed milk for 1 h at room temperature, and the nitrocellulose membrane was treated with primary antibodies (Abcam, Cambridge) at 4°C. After washing, the membrane was incubated with secondary antibodies (PCNA). The membrane was immersed in enhanced chemiluminescence solution and then exposed to an X-ray film. After the hybridization of the secondary antibodies, the resulting images were analyzed using ChemiImager 4000 (Alpha Innotech Corporation, California, USA).
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