Blood was collected at the time the mice were sacrificed. Serum ALT and AST were quantified using AMS Vegasys Chemistry Analyzer (Diamond Diagnostics). Blood glucose was determined using the Elite glucometer (Bayer).
Glucometer elite
Manufactured by Bayer
Sourced in Germany, United States, Portugal
The Glucometer Elite is a compact, handheld device designed to measure blood glucose levels. It provides quick and accurate readings to assist individuals in monitoring their blood sugar levels.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
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Rat insulin elisa kit, by Crystal Chem (4 mentions)
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Mouse adiponectin elisa kit, by Crystal Chem (3 mentions)
Mouse leptin elisa kit, by Crystal Chem (3 mentions)
Cobas c 111 chemistry analyzer, by Roche (2 mentions)
Insulin elisa kit, by Crystal Chem (2 mentions)
Human insulin, by Novo Nordisk (2 mentions)
Ls 6500, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions)
Scinti fluid, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions)
14c deoxy glucose, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions)
Cholesterol liquicolor kit, by EKF Diagnostics (2 mentions)
Triglyceride e test, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Humalin, by Eli Lilly (2 mentions)
Mf2100, by R&D Systems (2 mentions)
Humulin, by Eli Lilly (2 mentions)
Streptozotocin (stz), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Multiplex immunoassay kit, by Bio-Rad (2 mentions)
Rat specific elisa, by Mercodia (2 mentions)
69 protocols using glucometer elite
1
Serum Liver Enzymes and Glucose
2
Glucose Tolerance Test in Mice
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6-hour starved mice were orally administrated a single dose of glucose (2 g/kg body weight). Before and at the 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minute time points after glucose gavage, blood from mouse tails were collected and analyzed using Bayer’s Elite Glucometer with test strips. Blood glucose data were then plotted and calculated as area under curve values for statistical analyses.
3
Rat Insulin Infusion Protocol
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Rats were anesthetized intraperitoneally with phenobarbital sodium (60 mg/kg). Catheters (PE-50, PE-10; Becton-Dickinson, Sparks, MD) were implanted into the right femoral vein for the infusion of insulin and dextrose solutions via a micropump (provided by the Research Center for Analytical Instrument, Zhejiang University). The catheters were filled with saline containing heparin sodium. About 1 mm of the tail tip was cut for monitoring blood glucose levels. The scab of the incision was abscised with 75% alcohol every time. The area around the incision was gently squeezed and the first drop of blood was discarded; the next drop was used for monitoring using an Elite glucometer (Bayer, Elkhart, IN).
4
Glucose Tolerance Test Protocol
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Food was removed 6 h prior to oral gavage administration of 1.5 g/kg glucose (50% glucose solution) at the end of the last week of treatment. At 15, 30 and 60 min following administration, blood samples for glucose measurements were obtained from each mouse by needle puncture of the tail tip vein. Blood glucose concentrations were determined by means of Bayer’s Elite® Glucometer and compatible blood glucose test strips.
5
Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test Protocol
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A week before the end of the exposure period we performed a previously reported intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) procedure15 (link). Glucose tolerance test required mice fasted for 12 hours (including the mice we did the 13C-glucose injection), which results in normal glucose use in the liver69 (link). Briefley, mice were weighted and then injected intraperitoneally with glucose (2 mg/kg body weight). Blood samples were collected through the tail vein and glucose concentrations were measured before and 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the injection on an Elite Glucometer (Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany). Supplementary Fig. 5 reports body weights, IPGTT plot, and area under the curve calculated using GraphPad software with standard error computed (n = 10).
6
Metabolic Biomarker Quantification
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Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were quantified using AMS Vegasys (Diamond Diagnostics, Holliston, MA, USA) or Cobas C-111 Chemistry Analyzers (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Blood glucose was determined using an Elite glucometer (Bayer). Serum insulin was determined using an Ultra-Sensitive Mouse Insulin ELISA kit (Crystal Chem Inc., Elk Grove Village, IL, USA or Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany). Serum leptin and adiponectin were determined by ELISA (B-Bridge International, Santa Clara, CA, USA).
7
Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Tests
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For glucose tolerance tests, mice were given an intra-peritoneal injection of glucose (1 g/Kg) after 12 h over-night fasting. For insulin tolerance tests, mice were first fasted for 5 h and then injected with insulin (0.75 IU/Kg). Blood glucose concentration was determined with an ELITE glucometer (Bayer).
8
Serum Biomarker Profiling Protocol
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Serum levels of cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined using the Cobas C-111 chemistry analyzer (Roche, Switzerland). Serum insulin and leptin levels were measured by ELISA kits (Insulin, Crystal Chem, Inc., Downers Grove, IL, USA; Leptin, B-Bridge International, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Fasting blood glucose was measured by the Elite glucometer (Bayer, Pittsburgh, PA).
9
Glycemic Measurements in Mice
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Blood samples for glucose measurements were obtained from each mouse by needle puncture of the tail tip vein. Both prandial and fasting glycemia were measured at three time points (before initiation of metformin/saline treatment [time 0], 1 week after initiation [time 1] and 2 weeks after initiation before the end of the study [time 2]). Blood glucose concentrations were determined by means of Bayer’s Elite® Glucometer and compatible blood glucose test strips. Fasting blood samples for HbA1c measurements were obtained at time 0 and time 2 from the same puncture of the tail tip vein. HbA1c was determined using a DCA Vantage® Analyzer (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Tarrytown, NY) and compatible sample cassettes.
10
Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rat Kidney Evaluation
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Lean and obese male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF)-Leprfa/Crt rats were purchased from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, MA, USA). Blood glucose was determined with Elite Glucometer (Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany). Serum and 24-h urine samples, collected in metabolic cages, were analyzed at the Biochemical Analysis Core for Experimental Research of the University of Helsinki using Advia 1650 (Siemens, Munich, Germany). The estimated GFR was calculated using the creatinine clearance method following the formula CCr = (UCr × V)/PCr, where CCr is creatinine clearance (ml/min), UCr is urine creatinine (mg/ml), V is urine volume per min, and PCr is plasma creatinine (mg/ml). The result was adjusted to the weight of the rat. Glomerular fractions were isolated from kidney cortices by graded sieving (17 (link)) and lysed in NP-40 buffer. Freshly dissected kidney tissues were embedded in Tissue-Tek Optimum Cutting Temperature (OCT) compound (Sakura Finetek, Torrance, CA, USA) or fixed in 10% formalin followed by embedding in paraffin. The protocols were approved by the National Animal Experiment Board.
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