Tg 209 f3

The gas composition of the wood during thermal degradation was analyzed by TG-FTIR (TG 209F3, NETZSCH, Selb, Germany; iS10 FT-IR spectrometer, Thermo Nicolet Co., Ltd., Madison, WI, USA) in a nitrogen atmosphere, at a heating rate of 10 °C/min from 35 °C to 800 °C. The wood was ground into 200-mesh flour prior to the TG-FTIR detection.

For a thorough analysis of the thermal degradation of the wood, thermogravimetric (TG) tests were conducted with a TG analyzer (TGA, TG 209F3, NETZSCH, Selb, Germany) in a nitrogen atmosphere and an air atmosphere by using a heating rate of 10 °C/min from 35 °C to 800 °C. The wood was ground into a 200-mesh flour prior to the TG test.

The thermogravimetric analysis of algae biomass wastes and bio-TPU–ABW composites was performed with the use of the NETZSCH TG 209F3 apparatus. The samples were heated under a nitrogen atmosphere at a rate of 10 °C/min, in the temperature range from 35 to 800 °C. The mass of each sample was about 10 mg.

The thermogravimetric analyzer (TG 209F3) from NETZSCH in Selb, Germany, was used to investigate the thermal stability behavior of the composite samples. For the combustion experiment, roughly 10 mg of material was placed into a platinum crucible and heated at a rate of 20 K/min at temperatures ranging from 40 to 700 °C. The furnace environment was made up of synthetic air (VN2 = 80%, VO2 = 20%) and flowed at a rate of 40 ml/min.

The surface morphologies of the crab shells and isolated chitin were observed by SEM (JEOL JSM-840) with an acceleration voltage of 20 kV. Before observation, all the samples were coated with platinum by vacuum sputtering. The FT-IR spectra were recorded on a FT-IR spectrometry (Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS10) over the frequency range of 4000–500 cm⁻¹ with a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹. The XRD patterns were recorded on an X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku Miniflex 600) using Cu Kα radiation at 40 kV. The diffraction data were collected at a scanning rate of 5° min⁻¹ from 2θ = 5 − 60°. The relative crystallinity index (CrI) was calculated by the Segal method: $$\mathrm{CrI}\left(\%\right)=\frac{I_{110}-I_{\mathrm{am}}}{I_{110}}\times 100\%$$ where I₁₁₀ is the peak intensity of the diffraction at 2θ ≈ 20°, which represents both the crystalline and amorphous region material, and I_am is the diffraction intensity of the amorphous fraction at 2θ ≈ 18°. TGA was performed under a nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹ by a thermogravimetric analyzer (NETZSCH TG 209 F3).

Morphology of the fabricated imprinted materials was determined by scanning electron microscopy under 10 kV (SEM, ZEISS Gemini 300, Jena, Germany). The chemical composition of the obtained samples was determined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR, Avatar 360 Nicolet instrument, Markham, ON, Canada). The crystal structure of imprinted materials was demonstrated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD, LabX 6100, Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). The thermogravimetry (TG) analysis was conducted via a TG 209F3 instrument (NETZSCH Scientific Instruments Ltd., Shanghai, China) under N2 atmosphere with a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The absorbance of the L-Tyr solution was determined with UV-vis spectroscopy (UV-1000, Shanghaiaoyi, Shanghai, China).