Volumetric soil water content and soil water potential (VWC and Ψ S, GS-1 and MPS-6 sensors, respectively, Decagon Devices, Inc., Pullman, WA) were continuously measured at 30 and 80 cm depths in two soil pits on the site, one in a more densely treed part of the stand and one in a less dense area (pits 2 and 1, respectively, in Fig. 3 ). Temperature and relative humidity were measured every 5 min and averaged over 30 min (CS-215, Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT), and precipitation was recorded every 30 min using a tipping bucket rain gauge (TE-525, Campbell Scientific). All meteorological sensors were attached to dataloggers (CR-1000T, Campbell Scientific).
Cs215
Manufactured by Campbell Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
The CS215 is a temperature and relative humidity sensor. It measures air temperature and relative humidity and outputs the data as an analog voltage signal.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Cr1000 data logger, by Campbell Scientific (2 mentions)
Cs616, by Campbell Scientific (2 mentions)
Mps 6, by METER Group (1 mentions)
Li 190, by LI COR (1 mentions)
Am16 32 multiplexers, by Campbell Scientific (1 mentions)
Cr1000, by Campbell Scientific (1 mentions)
Cr10x, by Campbell Scientific (1 mentions)
Li 200, by LI COR (1 mentions)
Cr10x data logger, by Campbell Scientific (1 mentions)
10 protocols using cs215
1
Soil Moisture and Meteorology Monitoring
2
Weather Station Data in Abisko, Sweden
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A weather station was set up in the center of the measurement area of ca. 1200 m2 in late May 2018. It consisted of a wind speed anemometer (R3−50; 327 cm above ground; GILL, Lymington, UK), two shielded relative humidity and temperature sensors (CS215; 20 cm and 200 cm above ground; Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT, USA), an incoming photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) sensor (LI-190; 115 cm above ground; LI-COR, Lincoln, NE, USA), and PT-100 temperature probes (W-EYK, Heraeus, Kleinostheim, Germany) at different soil depths (3, 10, 15 and 20 cm) connected to a Campbell CR1000 data logger.
Air temperature, PPFD and VPD during the measurement period are presented inFig. 1 . Mean annual temperature in 2018 was 0.2 °C (ANS, 2020 ). Mean air temperature for the period between June 8 and September 2 measured at the site in 2018 was 11.7 ± 0.05 °C (Fig. 1 e). Air temperature for the same period averaged over 100 years (1914–2013) taken at the Abisko Scientific Research Station (ANS, 2020 ), ca. 1 km away, was 9.9 ± 0.12 °C and over 30 years (1986–2015) was 9.7 ± 0.16 °C. Therefore, when taken a whole, 2018 was an ordinary year in Abisko in terms of air temperature, but with a very warm summer.
Air temperature, PPFD and VPD during the measurement period are presented in
3
Meteorological and Soil Moisture Measurements
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Meteorological and soil moisture measurements (Fig. 1 ) were performed using the same system as Poyatos et al. (2013 ). Briefly, a data acquisition system (CR1000 datalogger and AM16/32 multiplexers; Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA) was used to store 15 min averaged meteorological variables and soil moisture. Sensors for measuring air temperature and air relative humidity (CS215; Campbell Scientific Inc.), precipitation (52203; R.M. Young Company, Traverse City, MI, USA), total solar radiation (SP1110; Skye Instruments Ltd, Llandrindod Wells, Powys, UK) and wind speed (05103‐5; R.M. Young Company) were installed at the top of a 16‐m‐tall tower within 20 m of the plot centre. Average volumetric soil water content (SWC) in the upper 30 cm of soil was monitored using six frequency domain reflectometers (CS616; Campbell Scientific Inc.) randomly distributed within the plot, and raw measurements were corrected according to Poyatos et al. (2013 ). Water vapour pressure deficit (VPD) was calculated from air temperature and humidity (Fig. 1 ). To allow comparison of 2012 with other years, VPD and SWC are also presented for 2010, 2011 and 2013 (Supporting Information Fig. S1 ).
4
Continuous Soil Water Monitoring at Different Altitudes
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Water content reflectometers (CS616, Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT, United States) were used to measure volumetric soil water content (SWC, %) continuously at the three altitudes of sap flux measurements. Four probes were installed in a square of 4 m × 4 m vertically at a depth of 0–30 cm. Air temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) were measured at open conditions near the sap flux measurements at 860 and 1100 m asl (CS215, Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT, United States) and used to calculate vapor pressure deficit of the air (VPD, hPa). Air humidity data for the lowest study altitude had to be adopted from the mid elevation, as the actual measurements at 590 m asl failed. Data was recorded every 30 s, averaged over 30 min, and stored in a CR1000 data logger.
5
Greenhouse Environmental Monitoring System
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Air speed in the greenhouse was monitored by using an anemometer (Wind Sonic, Gill, UK) at the vents with an accuracy of ±0.02 m s−1. Data were collected every 5 s, and the 15 min average was recorded in a CR1000 data logger (Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA). The air temperature and relative humidity were measured by using an automatic climate station (CS215, Campbell Scientific, Inc, Monterrey, CA, USA) with accuracies of 0.02 °C and 0.18 °C, and 15 min averages were calculated and stored.
6
Atmospheric Monitoring with CS215 Sensors
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Air temperature and relative humidity sensors (CS215, Campbell Scientific) were mounted inside a radiation shield (41003-5A, Campbell Scientific) on a tower at a height of 2 m. The sensor characteristics are as follows: range −39.2 °C to +60 °C and accuracy for minimum values of ±0.2 °C and for maximum values of ±0.5 °C, with a resolution of 0.1 °C. A data logger (CR1000, Campbell Scientific) was programmed to take readings every 10 s and store values every 1 min and save hourly maximum and minimum values. Daily maximum and minimum values were obtained over 24 h. Additional measurements consisted of wind speed and direction (03002-L34 RM Young) and incoming solar radiation (LI200X-L12, LI-COR).
7
Meteorological Measurements and Downstream Discharge Analysis
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Meteorological measurement was performed by an AWS installed at 229 m a.s.l. on the bedrock between the central and eastern termini43 (link),44 (link) (Fig. 1b ). Air temperature, liquid precipitation, and wind speed/direction sensors (Campbell Scientific; CS215, 52202-L, and 05108-45-L) were installed at 2, 2.5, and 0.5 m from the ground, and measurements were taken every 10 min. The uncertainties of the temperature, precipitation, and wind measurement were ±0.4 °C, ±3%, and ±0.3 m s−1/±3°, respectively. Air temperature and wind speed were filtered by Gaussian smoothing filters with 3-h, 1-d, and 1-week time windows.
We compared our measurements with data from the downstream discharge station operated by Dirección General de Aguas45 . This discharge station is located 14 km downstream from Lago Grey (Fig.1a ). The watershed of Río Grey at the station has an area of 918 km2, which includes Glaciar Grey, Glaciar Pingo, and a part of Glaciar Tyndall46 (link). Daily discharge data from 1981 onward are available at the Center for Climate and Resilience Research website (http://explorador.cr2.cl/ ).
We compared our measurements with data from the downstream discharge station operated by Dirección General de Aguas45 . This discharge station is located 14 km downstream from Lago Grey (Fig.
8
Drone-Assisted Crop Temperature Monitoring
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To extract the per-plot UAV temperature, a polygon describing the plot shape and location was generated using the experimental design. QGIS 3.2.3 Geographic Information System Software (QGIS Development Team, 2018 ) was used to create an inward buffer of 50 cm from the shapes to omit edge effects (Figure 3
TA was measured at 2 m above ground level by a temperature sensor (CS215, Campbell Scientific, Inc., USA) covered by a 10-Plate Solar Radiation Shield (RAD10, Campbell Scientific, Inc., USA) situated in the on-site weather station (Figure 1
TA was measured at 2 m above ground level by a temperature sensor (CS215, Campbell Scientific, Inc., USA) covered by a 10-Plate Solar Radiation Shield (RAD10, Campbell Scientific, Inc., USA) situated in the on-site weather station (
9
Environmental Monitoring for Evapotranspiration
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Meteorological data on rainfall (ARG100; Environmental Measurements Ltd., Gateshead, UK), photosynthetically active radiation (BF2; Delta-T Devices Ltd., Cambridge, UK), air humidity and temperature (CS215; Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT, US) were collected continuously in 30-min time intervals (CR10X; Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT, US). Soil volumetric water content was measured up to 40-cm depth (2, 10, 20, 30, and 40 cm) with dielectric soil moisture sensors in four different places (EC5; Decagon Devices, Inc., Pullman, WA, US). These measurements were automatically collected in a datalogger (Em50; Decagon Devices, Inc., Pullman, WA, US) as 30-min averages. Reference evapotranspiration was determined according to the FAO Penman-Monteith method (Allen et al., 1998) .
10
Rainout Shelter Weather Station Setup
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In March 2008, a weather station was installed in the middle of the rainout shelter. The station consisted of a CR10X data logger (Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT, USA) to which a temperature/relative humidity sensor (CS-215, Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT, USA), a pyranometer (LI-200, LiCor Inc., Lincoln, NB, USA), a wind sensor (014, Met-One, Bend, OR, USA), and a quantum sensor (model LI-190R) to measure photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were attached. The pyranometer and quantum sensor were mounted 3.35 m above ground level to limit shading by the rain shelter. The temperature/relative humidity sensor and anemometer were mounted 2 m above ground level. Daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated using Campbell Scientific Application Note 4D. It calculated the full American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Penman-Monteith equation with resistances [10] .
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