Gpsmap 62

For one year (August 2012-August 2013), we monitored the banded birds. We visited each marsh on a monthly basis and walked predefined transects (1 m wide) at a speed of 0.01 km/h. The transects were set 35 m apart and ran parallel to each other across the full length of each marsh (4 trails 500 m long in Mogi, 3 trails 300 m long in Salesópolis and 4 trails 100 m long in São José dos Campos). We spent a total of 620 h in Mogi (103 days), 336 h in Salesópolis (56 days) and 108 h in São José (26 days) divided equally between months. Every three months we moved the trail by 10 m to either side, depending on the local land features, to avoid spatial bias in our data. We sampled a total of 16 transects in Mogi, 12 in Salesópolis and 16 in São José. When a banded individual was sighted, we identified it and noted its geographical coordinates using a hand-held Global Position System unit (Garmin GPSMAP 62s). The GPS location error was usually lower than 4 m. When we heard a bird vocalize, if less than 15 m away, we used playback to call the bird for identification. When using playback, we noted only the initial position of the bird on that day, to avoid problems with the influence of playback on its behaviour [34 (link)].

Global positioning device (GPS) (GARMIN GPSMAP 62s) was used to determine the latitude and longitude coordinates of the participant farms. The ArcGIS version 10.8 software was applied to plot the paddy fields of participants. A map was created using the boundaries of Nakhon Ratchasima Province and Phimai District and Google Maps for Farm, Village, and Economic Areas in 2021. Then, the participant’s average AChE and BuChE depression levels were overlaid onto the farming map to indicate spatial characteristics or the location of the poisoning cases.

The experimental station is located in Shilin Yi Autonomous County (24°50′N, 103°37′E), Yunnan Province, China. This area is in the centre of Yunnan Plateau with the altitude ranging from 1600 to 2100 m, and has the typical characteristic of karst landform. The annual sunshine is 2079 h. A subtropical mountainous monsoon climate dominates the area with a mean annual temperature of 16.1 °C and a mean annual rainfall of 953 mm. The rainy season is from May to late October, comprising more than 80% of the total rainfall, and the dry season is during autumn and winter. The study area is short of land suitable for cultivation and of surface water resources, and is one of the poorest areas in Shilin County.
In the study area, three 5 × 5 m permanent quadrats (named T1, T2 and T3) were established in the early spring of 2014, each quadrat had three replications. The positions were: T1 (24°50.456′N, 103°37.327′E), T2 (24°50.331′N, 103°37.541′E) and T3 (24°51.058′N, 103°36.439′E). Quadrats T1 and T2 were situated in a natural karst landform unit, and quadrat T3 was selected in the unused agricultural field without karst landform. Each quadrat was positioned using Global Positioning System (GPS) (gpsmap 62S, Garmin Ltd. Beijing, China) to ensure the consistency of terrain and avoid the influence of slope and elevation.

The geographical position of each adult tree was recorded during the sampling period using Garmin GPSmap® 62s. The position of each seedling on the transect line relative to the start point was recorded, and the heights of the seedlings were measured. Visual observation of the adult tree flowers was conducted in two subsequent years in 2014 and 2015 when both cultivated and native trees were flowering at the same time. The flowers were observed between 11^th -17^th of April in 2014 and 21^st -22^nd of April in 2015 because flowering started earlier in 2014 relative to 2015. The trees were recorded as male, female or hermaphrodite according to their flower types. In case of the absence of flowering, any additional observations informative for gender identification, such as presence of dry seeds and seed stalks from the previous year and flower galls [59 ], were recorded. Seed set was observed in 2014 and 2015, in August.

The Tibetan Plateau, the highest plateau in the world, is extremely sensitive to climate change, and the vegetation has remained largely undisturbed by human activities; therefore, it is an important area to study global change ecology [16] (link). The alpine steppe in the northern Tibetan Plateau is a dry Stipa purpurea grassland with low precipitation, frequent gale-force winds, strong solar radiation and extensive permafrost. These have a profound effect on the soil nutrient status, the evolution of physiological processes and the adaptive mechanisms of plants [17] , [18] . The study area was Stipa purpurea alpine steppe, located between 31.23°N–32.31°N and 80.12°E–91.35°E. The study sites were in seven counties (Nakchu, Palgon, Shantsa, Nima, Gerts, Gakyi and Gar) from east to west in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China with the similar soil type [19] . The sites were selected on flat terrain far from human habitats to minimise the influence of microtopography and grazing disturbance. Most sites were above 4500 m, with MAT below 0°C and MAP below 300 mm (Fig. 1; Table S1). The geographic information, such as latitude, longitude and altitude, of each site was recorded by a Global Positioning System (GPS) (Garmin, GPSMAP 62S, China).

The physiographical variables, namely, geographic coordinates, elevation (ELV), slope (SLP), and aspect (ASP) were recorded for each plot using a GPS (Garmin GPSMAP 62s) device. The ALOS PALSAR RTC DEM (12.5 m) images were obtained from the Alaska Satellite Facility (UAF). Thereafter, ELV, SLP, and ASP of the sample plots were extracted from images and processed using ArcMap software (version 10.8, Esri, CA, USA).
Soil samples were collected from the three pre-determined points (10 m apart) in the 25 × 25 m plot using soil core sampler (5.0 cm in diameter). Three samples (c.a. 100 g) were collected from each soil depth (0–15 m and 15–30 cm) in each point and then composited into one bag. There was a total of 132 bags of soil (i.e., 1 bag × 2 soil depths × 66 plots = 132). The soil hardness (Hd) was measured at each soil depth and plot using a penetrometer. The soil bulk density (BD), the content of moisture content (MC), organic matter composition (OM), texture (sand, silt, clay), and seven chemical properties of soil; pH, total N, Available P, exchangeable K, Ca, Na, and Mg, were also analyzed using c.a. 100 g of composited soil sample at the Forest Soil Laboratory, Forest Research Institute (FRI), Yezin, Myanmar.