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7 protocols using thyroid hormone

1

Protocols for Neural Stem Cell Culture

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Laminin, poly‐ornithine, thyroid hormone (T3), paraformaldehyde (PFA), bis(cyclohexanone)oxaldihydrazone (Cuprizone), Hoechst 33342, poly‐d‐lysine, papain, l‐cysteine, insulin, transferrin, progesterone, putrescine, BSA, and 5‐fluoro‐2′‐deoxyuridine were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. Collagenase A was purchased from Roche. EGF, bFGF, and PDGF‐AA were purchased from Peprotech. PD0325901, CI‐1040, AZD8330, and AZD6244 were purchased from MedChemExpress, and U0126 was purchased from Tocris.
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2

Myelination of DRG Neurons by aMSC-Derived Oligodendrocytes

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Dorsal root ganglia of embryonic day 15 rats were dissociated with TrypLE Express and collected by centrifugation (250× g, 5 min, 4 °C) [16 (link),17 (link),18 (link),19 (link),20 ,21 (link)]. Cells were resuspended in neuron maintenance medium comprising Neurobasal medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 2% B27 and NGF (20 ng/mL, Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA) and then seeded at 100,000 cells/cm2 onto poly-d-lysine/laminin-coated plates. Endogenous Schwann cells and fibroblasts were eliminated following brief treatment with fluorodeoxyuridine and uridine (10 μM each, Sigma-Aldrich), whereas dorsal root ganglion neurons and neurite network remained adherent on the coated plates.
aMSC-derived OPs were seeded at 10,000 cells/cm2 onto the axonal network of dorsal root ganglion neurons and the co-culture was maintained in myelination medium comprising Neurobasal medium supplemented with B27, NGF neutralizing antibody (5 μg/mL, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), thyroid hormone (10 ng/mL, Sigma-Aldrich), and DAPT (10 ng/mL, Sigma) for 14 days. Myelin-forming OLs and axons in co-cultures were immunostained for myelin basic protein (MBP) and neurofilament 200 (NF200) respectively. Co-cultures were also prepared for examination of compact myelin under transmission electron microscopy. aMSCs in co-culture with dorsal root ganglion neurons were prepared in parallel as controls.
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3

Isolation and Culture of O4+ OPCs

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Cortices from P6-P7 pups (seven pooled biological replicates per genotype, mixed sex) were dissected and subsequently dissociated with the Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit from Miltenyi. Anti-O4 magnetic microbeads (Miltenyi) were then used to isolate a pure population of O4+ OPCs. For culture and differentiation, serum- and antibiotic-free medium comprising 2% B27 (Gibco) and 30 ng/ml thyroid hormone (Sigma) in Neural Basal Media (Gibco) was used. Medium was changed daily and cells were harvested after 7 days.
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4

In Vitro Leydig Cell Differentiation

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For LCs lineage differentiation, the SLCs were plated in fresh differentiation-inducing medium containing phenol red-free DMEM/F12 (Gibco), 2% FBS (HyClone), 1 ng/mL luteinizing hormone (LH, R&D, Minneapolis, MN, USA), 1 nM thyroid hormone (Sigma-Aldrich), 10 ng/mL platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA, PeproTech), 50 ng/mL insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1, PeproTech), and 1% ITS (Gibco) and incubated for up to 28 days as previously described 52 (link). Cell culture supernatants were collected for testosterone detection at the indicated time points. Differentiation was confirmed by immunostaining and RT-PCR for LCs lineage markers (primers and antibodies are listed in Table S4-5).
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5

Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Isolation and Culture

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Isolated OPCs were seeded into 96 well-plates (InVitro-Sciences) coated with PDL (Sigma). After isolation, OPCs were left to recover in OPC medium (60µg/ml N-Acetyl cysteine (Sigma), 10µg/ml human recombinant insulin (Gibco), 1mM sodium pyruvate (Gibco), 50µg/ml apo-transferrin (Sigma), 16.1µg/ml putrescine (Sigma), 40ng/ml sodium selenite (Sigma), 60ng/ml progesterone (Sigma), 330µg/ml bovine serum albumin (Sigma)) supplemented with b-FGF and PDGF (30ng/ml each, Peprotech). OPCs were incubated at 37 º C, 5% CO 2 and 5% O 2 . The medium was completely exchanged to OPC medium with 20ng/ml bFGF and PDGF after overnight culture to remove any dead cells. After 3d the cell culture medium was switched to promote further proliferation (OPC medium+20ng/ml bFGF and PDGF) or differentiation (OPCM + 40ng/ml T3). During differentiation or proliferation experiments 66% of the medium was replaced every 48h and growth factors or other small molecules were added fresh to the culture. The culture medium used was 100μl for cultures in 96 well plate wells. For proliferation and differentiation assays the medium was in some instances supplemented with 40ng/ml thyroid-hormone (T3, Sigma) and varying concentrations of nocodazole (Sigma, M1404).
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6

Isolation and Culture of Erythroblasts from Blood

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Red blood cells were isolated from heparinized venous blood by centrifugation at 210g at room temperature for 15 min. Cells were resuspended in SAGM medium and analyzed on an ADVIA 2120 Hematology System (Bayer Healthcare AG, Leverkusen, Germany). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by density centrifugation using Percoll (GE Healthcare) with density ρ = 1.077. Cells were cultured in StemSpan medium (Stem Cell Technologies, Grenoble, France) supplemented with 2 U/mL erythropoietin (Epo, Eprex, Janssen-Cilag, Tilburg, Netherlands), 100 ng/mL stem cell factor (SCF), 1 μmol/L dexamethasone (Sigma) 50 μg/mL cholesterolrich lipid mix (Sigma), and 10 mL/L penicillin/streptomycin (PAA Laboratories, Pasching, Austria). After 5 days, erythroblasts were isolated by density centrifugation using Percoll with density ρ = 1.075 and kept in culture at 2 × 10 6 cells/mL. Differentiation was initiated by culturing the cells in StemSpan medium supplemented with 10 U/mL Epo, 1 mg/mL holotransferrin (Scipac, Sittingbourne, UK), 10 ng/mL insulin (Sigma), 1 μmol/L thyroid hormone (Sigma), 3% human AB serum (Sigma), and 10 mL/L penicillin/streptomycin.
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7

Nanoparticle-based Breast Cancer Treatment

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NDAT was synthesized as previously described [20] (link). Thyroid hormone and resveratrol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). resveratrol was prepared as a stock concentration of 100 nM in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). NDAT and T 4 were prepared as stock concentrations of 10 -2 M in PBS and KOH-propylene glycol, respectively. Reagents were conserved at -20 °C. The final concentrations of solvents used to dissolve the reagents were tested for activity and did not affect the results of the experiments.
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