Apigenin 7 glucuronide

Acetic acid, methanol, sodium chloride, and sucrose were purchased from Chembur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland), trifluoroacetic acid purchased from Honeywell Riedel-de Haen (Seelz, Germany). HPLC-grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased in Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Plant culture media components, plant growth regulators NAA (naphthalene-1-acetic acid), BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) and IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) and agar were purchased in Duchefa Biochemie (Haarlem, Netherlands). The following commercially available standards for HPLC analyses were used: verbascoside, isoverbascoside, verbenaline and hastatoside (ChromaDex^®, Los Angeles, California, USA) and caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid, rosmarinic acid, vanillic acid (Sigma-Aldrich Co., Munich, Germany). Scutellarin, scutellarein and apigenin 7-glucuronide obtained from ChemFaces (Wuhan, Hubei, China). Bacterial culture media: nutrient agar (NA), Müller-Hinton Broth (MHB) and Müller-Hinton agar (MHA) were purchased in BTL (Łódź, Poland). Resazurin sodium was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, USA). Ferrous chloride (FeCl₂) was obtained from Carlo Erba (Milan, Italy). Unless indicated otherwise all chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy).

2,2′-Azino-bis-83-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) (≥98%), gallic (≥97%) and linoleic (≥99%) acids, β-carotene (≥ 93%), chloroform (≥99%), baicalein (≥95%), apigenin (≥95%), and Trolox^® (≥97%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Salvigenin (≥98%), scutellarin (≥98%), scutellarein (≥98%), baicalin (≥98%), apigenin-7-glucuronide (≥98%), wogonin (≥98%), wogonoside (≥98%), eriodictyol-7-glucoside (≥98%), and norwogonine (≥98%) were obtained from Chemfaces (Wuhan, China). Galangin (≥95%), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (≥98%), and vitexin (≥98%) were purchased from Phytolab GmbH (Vestenbergsgreuth, Bavaria, Germany). HPLC-grade acetonitrile, HPLC-grade formic acid (FA), isopropanol (98%), ammonium formate (AF) (≥99%), LC/MS-grade methanol, and potassium persulfate (≥98%) were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Type I water was obtained from a Millipore Direct-QTM purification system.