Animals were exposed to isoflurane as previously described3 (link),5 (link). Briefly, isoflurane was administered in a custom-built chamber in a step-down protocol over six hours starting at 2%, decreasing to 1.4% and then 0.8% every two hours. The carrier gas was a mixture of humidified air and oxygen (approximately 45% oxygen). A carbon dioxide absorber (Litholyme, Allied Healthcare, St. Louis, MO) was present during exposure. Isoflurane, oxygen, and carbon dioxide were monitored with a Datex-Ohmeda gas analyzer (West Bloomfield, MI). Temperature was regulated with a heat pad (Thermo Haake, Waltham MA), and monitored every 15 minutes by an infrared thermometer. Recorded parameters (isoflurane, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations and average animal temperature) during exposure are reported in the supplementary material (Supplemental Digital content 1 : Figures showing physiologic variables averaged across all anesthetic exposures). There was a single mortality during isoflurane exposure of 33 animals in total exposed.
Gas analyzer
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Lab products found in correlation
7 protocols using gas analyzer
1
Isoflurane Anesthesia Exposure Protocol
2
Isoflurane Anesthesia Procedure
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The anesthesia procedure was performed as previously described [16 (link), 19 (link)]. Briefly, the anesthetic chamber was pre-flushed with 30% oxygen in air, with (the isoflurane inhalation group) or without (the control group) 1.33% isoflurane. The concentration of isoflurane, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in the chamber were continuously monitored by gas analyzer (Datex-Ohmeda). When the gas concentration was stable, the mice were placed in the chamber for 1 hour. After anesthesia, mice were returned to their home cage.
3
Sevoflurane Exposure in Developing Rodents
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After a 1 h pre-treatment either with saline (control) or DEX, the pups were placed in an anesthetic chamber for sevoflurane exposure, as a sevoflurane-medical air-oxygen gas mixture (75% O2), vaporized using a Datex-Ohmeda Aestiva/5 vaporizer. The sevoflurane concentrations were monitored with a GE Healthcare Gas Analyzer. The sevoflurane concentration used was 3.2% for 1 or 2 h at P7 [27 (link)]. The pups used for molecular testing were euthanized 24 h after anesthetic exposure using a decapitation method. Brains were isolated from the pups, and the hippocampus was carefully separated and stored at −80 °C.
The pups randomly selected for behavioural testing were ear-notched at P14 and weaned in cages of 2 to 3 animals, separated by their sexes. Animals were kept undisturbed until P60 and then subjected to various behavioural tests.
Note: In order to assess the animals’ behaviours in a more accurate and in-depth way, we used a host of qualitative parameters to explain differences in an animal’s behaviour that are not commonly described in most studies. We incorporated terms such as “erratic” [124 (link),125 (link)], “hesitant” [126 (link),127 (link)], “unsure”, “undecisive”, exploratory” [127 (link),128 (link)], “anxious” [126 (link),127 (link)] and “reluctance” to better describe differences between treated and untreated animals.
The pups randomly selected for behavioural testing were ear-notched at P14 and weaned in cages of 2 to 3 animals, separated by their sexes. Animals were kept undisturbed until P60 and then subjected to various behavioural tests.
4
Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Maturity, and Parental Education
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Cardiorespiratory fitness was evaluated using a gas analyzer (General Electric Corp) while the participant was performing a maximal incremental treadmill test (ergometer; h/p/cosmos sports & medical gmbh).43 (link) Peak height velocity, a common indicator of maturity in children and adolescents,50 (link) was calculated through the equations of Moore et al.51 (link) Parents self-reported their highest educational level attained and current occupation, as described elsewhere.26 (link),52 (link)
5
Isoflurane Anesthesia and Vitamin C
6
Desflurane Exposure on Cultured Neurons
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After 1-h incubation at 37 °C and 5% CO2, the cells were exposed to 0.5 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) equivalent of desflurane (4.3 Vol%; Baxter Corporation, Mississauga, ON, Canada) in an airtight modular incubator chamber (Billups-Rothenberg) for one hour to mimic the inhalation. desflurane-medical air gas mixtures were vaporized using a Datex-Ohmeda Aestiva/5 vaporizer and concentrations were monitored with a GE Healthcare Gas Analyzer. Controls were exposed to medical air only (79% Nitrogen, and 21% Oxygen; Air Liquide). After 1 h of desflurane-medical air mixture or just medical air exposure, the neurons were placed back and maintained in an incubator (37 °C, 5% CO2) until use. This exposure time was consistent with previous studies, aimed at optimal gas exchange with minimum out of incubator time for culture neurons.
7
Sevoflurane Exposure on Neurons
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After 1 h incubation at 37 °C and 5% CO2, the cells were exposed to approximately 0.5 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) equivalent (for neonates) of sevoflurane (1.6%) in an airtight modular incubator chamber (Billups-Rothenberg, San Diego, CA, USA) for one hour. Sevoflurane-medical air–oxygen gas mixtures (21% O2) were then vaporized using a Datex-Ohmeda Aestiva/5 vaporizer and concentrations were monitored with a GE Healthcare Gas Analyzer. Controls were exposed to medical air only. After 1 h sevoflurane-medical air–oxygen mixture or just medical air exposure, the neurons were placed back and maintained in an incubator (37 °C, 5% CO2) until use.
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