Bioimpedance scale

During the first experimental session, height will be measured with a stadiometer and weight will be assessed with an electronic weight scale. Recorded height and weight will be used to confirm the participant’s self-reported height and weight on the screening questionnaire. Waist circumference will be measured with a tape measure. Body fat percentage will be assessed with an Omron bioimpedance scale. Blood pressure will be measured with an aneroid sphygmomanometer, Omron blood pressure monitor. Three successive arterial blood pressure readings will be taken on the participant’s left arm, with a 2-min interval between each reading.

Anthropometric measurements were performed in accordance with the International Standards for Anthropometric Assessments35 on all participants. Participants' waist circumference (WC) was measured at the approximate mid-point between the lower margin of the last palpable rib and the top of the iliac crest using an anthropometric tape in centimetres (cm). Height was measured using a wall-mounted stadiometer (Electronic body scale TCS-200-RT, Ningbo, China) and recorded to the nearest 0.1cm. Body composition was assessed using the Omron bioimpedance scale (Omron BF500, Omron Healthcare Inc., Illinois, USA) which measured weight (kg), body mass index (BMI) in kg/m², visceral fat (VF%) and skeletal muscle fat (SMF%).