Wnt5a

We obtained human NCI-N87, AGS and HS 746T tumour cells from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Virginia, USA). The MKN45 GC cell line was made available from Yonsei Cancer Center (Seoul, Korea). SNU-1–5, -16, -620, -216, -484,-601, -638, -668 and SNU-719 GC cell lines were made available from the Korean Cell Line Bank (http://cellbank_snu.ac.kr/). Monoclonal antibodies to human hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and β-catenin were purchased from BD Transduction Laboratories (San Jose, California, USA); AMPKα, LKB1, HNF4α, antiapoptotic antibody kit (tPARP, cPARP, t-caspase 3, c-caspace 3), t-mTOR, p-mTOR (Ser 2448 and Ser2481), raptor, eIF4E, S6,4E-BP1, WNT1, WNT3, GSK, β-catenin, TCF, LEF, pCAMKII, cyclin A, cyclin B, cyclin D1, cyclin D2 and β-actin were purchased from Cell Signaling Technologies (Boston, Massachusetts, USA) or Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, California, USA). Antibodies against WNT5A, GSK, β-catenin, pCAMKII, cyclin D2, cyclin D1, cyclin A and cyclin B were purchased from Abgent (San Diego, California, USA), and metformin and puromycin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, Missouri, USA). SBI-0634689.0001 (BI6015, an HNF4α antagonist) was provided by the Sanford-Burnham Medical Institute (La Jolla, California, USA).