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511 protocols using jem 1400 transmission electron microscope

1

Ultrastructural Analysis of Drosophila Retina

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To visualize Drosophila retina ultrastructure, adult fly heads were dissected, fixed, dehydrated, and embedded in LR White resin (Electron Microscopy Sciences) as described [67 (link)]. Thin sections (80 nm) prepared at a depth of 30–40 μm were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate (Ted Pella) and examined using a JEM-1400 transmission electron microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a Gatan CCD (4k × 3.7k pixels, USA).
TEM of photoreceptor terminals was performed as described [73 (link)]. Adult fly heads were dissected in 4% PFA and the retinas were removed. The dissected lamina was fixed in a solution with 4% PFA and 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 2 h on ice, followed by fixation in 1% osmium tetroxide for 1.5 h at 4°C. Tissues were then dehydrated in a series of ethanol dilutions at 4°C (10-min wash in 10, 25, 40, 55, 70, 85, 95, and 30-min wash in 100% ethanol for 5 times). Samples were gradually infiltrated with 2 ratios of ethanol and Eponate 12 (Ted Pella), finally going into 3 changes of pure resin. Samples were allowed to infiltrate in pure resin overnight on a rotator and embedded in Eponate 12 resin (Ted Pella). Thin sections (80 nm) were stained with uranyl acetate and lead-citrate (Ted Pella) and examined using a JEM-1400 transmission electron microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a Gatan CCD (4k × 3.7k pixels, USA).
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Visualizing Drosophila Retina Ultrastructure

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To visualize Drosophila retina ultrastructure, adult fly heads were dissected, fixed, dehydrated, and embedded in LR White resin (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA) as described (Xu et al., 2015 (link)). Thin sections (80 nm) at a depth of 30–40 μm were prepared, and examined using a JEM-1400 transmission electron microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a Gatan CCD (4k × 3.7k pixels, Palatine, IL). TEM of photoreceptor terminals was performed as described (Xu and Wang, 2019 (link)). Adult fly heads were dissected and fixed in 4% PFA. The laminas were further dissected by removing retinas, followed by fine fixation in 1% osmium tetroxide for 1.5 hr at 4°C. Thin sections (80 nm) were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate (Ted Pella) and examined using a JEM-1400 transmission electron microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a Gatan CCD (4k × 3.7k pixels, Palatine, IL).
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Pili Visualization in B. breve

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The presence of pili on the cell surface of B. breve UCC2003-113 or UCC2003-1889 was analyzed by ammonium molybdate staining of bacterial cells and visualized using a Jeol JEM-1400 transmission electron microscope. Briefly cells from an overnight culture were washed once with 0.1M phosphate buffer and fixed 2 h at RT with 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer. After fixation the sample was washed 3 times with 0.1M phosphate buffer and stained with 1% ammonium molybdate for 1 min at RT. The grids were examined, and micrographs visualized, using a JEM-1400 transmission electron microscope (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).
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Visualization of Root Exosomes via TEM

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TEM analysis was used to visualise the exosomes. The maturation zone (0.5 cm away from the root tip, 1 cm sections) of Arabidopsis primary roots was fixed in 2.0% paraformaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) overnight at 4°C. After washing in phosphate buffer, the sections were post-fixed for 2 h in 1% OsO 4 at room temperature, washed, dehydrated using a series of ethanol and acetone solutions, and then embedded in Spurr resin using an SPI-Chem low viscosity kit (SPI, 02690-AB). Thin sections (60-80 nm) were cut using an ultramicrotome (Leica EM UC7, Wetzlar, Germany), stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and observed and photographed under a JEM-1400 transmission electron microscope (Jeol, Japan). Quantification of exosome-like structures in the TEM sections was performed following the method for quantitation of autolysosome and autophagosome structures as described by Liu et al. (2005) (link).
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Ultrastructural Analysis of Diabetic Renal Tissue

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Renal cortical tissue (∼1 mm3) from diabetic and nondiabetic WT and REDD1 KO mice was fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 2% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), followed by 1% osmium tetroxide in 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 1 h. Samples were dehydrated in a graduated series of ethanol and acetone and embedded in LX 112 (Ladd Research Industries, Williston, VT). Thin sections (65 nm) were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and viewed in a JEOL JEM-1400 Transmission Electron Microscope (JEOL USA) located at the Penn State College of Medicine Transmission Electron Microscopy Core (Research Resource Identifier [RRID] SCR_021200).
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Ultrastructural Analysis of Cultured Cells

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Cells were cultured in 6-multi-well plates at a density of 2×105 cells per mL and treated with the determined IC25 for 24 hours. Then, cells were harvested with a solution of trypsin-EDTA and fixated. Cells were then further processed, and TEM images were collected by the Histology and Electron Microscopy platform from I3S Porto using a Jeol JEM 1400 Transmission Electron Microscope.
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Ultrastructural Analysis of Spinal Cord

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TEM was performed as described previously (Lyons et al., 2008 (link)). Briefly, decapitated embryos were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde and 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4). The posterior portion of the larvae was used to isolate DNA for genotyping. For secondary fixation, samples were fixed in 2% osmium tetraoxide, 0.1 M imidazole in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate (pH7.4), stained with saturated uranyl acetate, and dehydrated in ethanol and acetone. Fixation and dehydration were accelerated using the PELCO 3470 Multirange Laboratory Microwave System (Pelco) at 15°C. Sample s were then incubated in 50% Epon/50% acetone overnight, followed by 100% Epon for 4 hr at room temperature. Samples were then embedded in 100% Epon and baked for 48 hr at 60°C. Blocks were sectioned using a Leica Ultramicrotome. Thick sections (500–1,000 μm) for toluidine blue staining were collected on glass slides, stained at 60°C for 5 s, and imaged with the Leica DM 2000 microscope using the Leica DFC290 HD camera and Leica Application Suite software. After the desired region of the spinal cord was reached, we collected ultrathin sections for TEM analysis on copper grids, and we stained them with uranyl acetate and Sato’s lead stain (1% lead citrate, 1% lead acetate, and 1% lead nitrate). Sections were imaged on a JEOL JEM-1400 transmission electron microscope.
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Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy Protocols

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TEM and scanning electron microscopy were performed with standard methods as described previously (Wang et al., 2012 (link)). For TEM, dissected muscles were prefixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and 2.5% at 4°C followed by incubation in 1% osmium tetroxide for 1 h at 4°C. Then samples were dehydrated in a series of ethanol (10, 25, 50, 75, and 100% ethanol) and embedded in LR White resin (Polysciences, Inc.). Thin sections were prepared and examined by using a JEM-1400 transmission electron microscope (JEOL) at room temperature. The images were acquired by using a Gatan camera (model 794; Gatan, Inc.).
For scanning electron microscopy, fly heads were dehydrated with a series of ethanol and immersed in hexamethyldisilazane at room temperature. Samples were mounted and coated with gold/palladium after solvent was evaporated off. The samples were examined with a JSM-5800 microscope (JEOL). The area of 10 ommatidia in high-magnification (1,000×) scanning electron microscopy pictures was measured with ImageJ, and the mean ommatidium size was calculated.
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9

Visualizing α-synuclein with Electron Microscopy

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Samples of α-synuclein with CSB (0.1, 1, or 10 μM) or vehicle (DMSO) were applied to 200 mesh carbon-coated copper grids, then negative-stained by placing 10 μl of a 2% uranyl acetate solution on the grid for 5 min. Samples on grids were visualized using a JEM-1400 transmission electron microscope (JEOL).
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10

Ultrastructural analysis of Sulfolobus virus

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Sulfolobus sp. E11-6 harboring SSV19 was grown to logarithmic phase (OD600 = 0.5), and the culture was centrifuged at 5,000 × g for 20 min. The cells were resuspended in Zillig’s basal salts, and SSV19 virions were added to the cell suspension to a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of ∼104. Following incubation for 0.5 h at room temperature, the samples were frozen in the high pressure freezer (Leica HPM100, Germany). The fast-frozen samples were immersed into a freezing tube containing 1% osmium tetroxide in 100% acetone and placed in a freeze substitution device (Leica EM AFS, Germany) for 3 d at −90 °C, and then slowly warmed to −60 °C in 12 h, −30 °C in 12 h, and finally to 0 °C. Following freezing substitution, acetone was changed three times at a 15-min interval at 0 °C and once at room temperature. The samples were stained in 0.5% (wt/vol) uranyl acetate (UA) in acetone at 4 °C for overnight and then slowly infiltrated with SPI Pon 812 resin by placing them in mixtures of acetone and resin of different grades (25%, 50%, 75%, 100% vol/vol). The liquid resin was then polymerized at 60 °C for 48 h. Ultrathin sections were obtained by using an ultramicrotome (Leica EM UC6, Germany) equipped with a diamond knife and placed on a TEM grid, and stained with 2% (wt/vol) UA and observed under a JEM-1400 transmission electron microscope (JEOL).
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