Dimethylacetamide dmac

Few-layer graphene (FLG) feedstock was obtained from Cambridge Nanosystems UK, with a carbon purity >99.5% and an average lateral size of 1.2 μm. All the graphite starting materials were used without any further purification, though dried thoroughly as described below. Dimethylacetamide (DMAc, Sigma-Aldrich) was dried over 20 vol% 4 Å activated molecular sieves. Naphthalene (99%, Sigma-Aldrich) was dried under vacuum in the presence of phosphorus pentoxide before use. Sodium (99.95%, ingot), Sodium borohydride, bromo-thioanisole, aniline-2-sulfonic acid and potassium hexachloroplatinate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received.

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA, (copolymer 50 : 50, Resomer RG503H, molecular weight of 33 000 Da, inherent viscosity 0.41 dl g⁻¹) was supplied from Boehringer Ingelheim (Ingelheim, Germany). Dimethylacetamide (DMAc) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Poole, UK). Decitabine was purchased from Cell Guidance Systems (Cambridge, UK). Cisplatin (cis-Platinum(ii)diamine dichloride, molecular weight of 300 g mol⁻¹) was obtained from Enzo Life Sciences (Exeter, UK).

The HNTs were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and were used without any purification process. PTMG was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Company and has a purity of 99%. HDI from Aldrich Company has a purity of 99% and has been used without any additional operations. 1, 4_butanediol, one of the four stable butanone isomers, has been used to increase the polyurethane molecular weight. This material was purchased from Aldrich Company. Dimethylacetamide (DMAc) with a purity of 99% was used without any additional operations and was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich.

Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (sPEEK) was purchased from FumaTech-BWT GmbH, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany, Fumion^® with sulfonation degrees of 52% (sPEEK-52, x = 0.52 in Figure 1), 62% (sPEEK-62), and 72% (sPEEK-72). Dimethylacetamide (DMAc) was supplied by Sigma–Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) by Biosolve B.V., Valkenswaard, The Netherlands. To dry the solvents molecular sieves were used (4 Å, Sigma–Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany). Hydrochloric acid (HCl, Supelco^® from Sigma–Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, VWR Chemicals, Boxmeer, The Netherlands), and sodium chloride (NaCl, Sanal^® P, AkzoNobel, Deventer, The Netherlands) were used for membrane pretreatment and/or characterization. Demineralized water was obtained from an Elga water purification system from Veolia, Weert, The Netherlands. Lysozyme (LZ) from hen egg white (Mw ~ 14,600, Fluka analytical), phosphate buffers saline (PBS) tablets (pH 7.4, 0.01 M PBS, total ionic strength 0.15 M, Sigma–Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), and syringe filter holders (25 mm, Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany) were used to measure the membrane performance.

Corn starch was purchased from Ingredion Canada Incorporated (Mississauga, ON, Canada). ZnO nanoparticles with a diameter of 38~40 nm were provided by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Wuxi, Jiangsu, China). Their diameter and TEM morphology were shown in Figure 1. Common filter paper was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Qualitative P8, porosity: coarse, flow rate: fast, Ottawa, ON, Canada). Chitosan with a low molecular weight (M_w 50,000~190,000, degree of deacetylation of 85.9%), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC, average M_w of 250,000), sodium chloride, dimethylacetamide (DMAc), methanol, acetone and other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada) and were used without further purification.

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, Kynar 760 Series-powder, Solvay Specialty Polymers France) (molecular weight: 441,000 by GPC) was used as polymer. Polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG, Sigma Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA) was used as pore former. Dimethylacetamide (DMAc, Sigma Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA) was used as solvent and copper oxide (Cu₂O, Sigma Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA) as photocatalyst. Ethanol (EtOH, Hayman, Australia) was used for the post treatment process. Bisphenol A (BPA, Sigma Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA) used as contaminant.

PLGA (copolymer 50:50, Resomer RG503H, molecular weight of 33,000 Da, inherent viscosity 0.41 dL g⁻¹) was obtained from Boehringer Ingelheim (Ingelheim, Germany). Dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and rhodamine B (RhB) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Poole, UK). CDDP, molecular weight of 300 g mol⁻¹) was purchased from Enzo Life Sciences (Exeter, UK).