Escalab 250xi x ray photoelectron spectrometer

The XPS analysis was performed in a Thermo Scientific Escalab 250Xi X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer (Sudbury, UK) using a 5 mg sample with a vacuum of 2 × 10⁻⁸ mTorr in the test chamber and a monochromatic X ray source with an aluminum anode and radiation energy of 1486.6 eV. Spectra were obtained with an energy pass of 117.4 eV and of 11.5 eV for the high-resolution spectra. The analysis region was 1400–0 eV of binding energy. In order to identify the chemical species on the surface of the fibers, C 1s were fitted using Gaussian functions. Prior to curve fitting, the spectra were baseline corrected using the Shirley function.

To analyze the crystal structure and phase composition of the prepared samples, we employed the Smart Lab X-ray diffractometer (XRD) from Rigaku Corporation, Japan. The microscopic morphology of the materials was observed using the S-3400 scanning electron microscope (SEM) from Hitachi Ltd., Japan. Elemental scanning analysis was carried out with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS). Additionally, we utilized the H-7650 transmission electron microscope (TEM) from Hitachi Ltd. to observe the samples. For the observation of PPy in the PPy@Co₃O₄ composite, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis was performed using the Spec drum infrared spectrometer from PerkinElmer, USA. The chemical environment of elements in the PPy@Co₃O₄ composite was analyzed using the ESCALAB 250Xi X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) from Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method was employed to determine the specific surface area using a Hitachi Regulus 8100 instrument. The Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method was utilized to assess the pore size distribution.

Crystals of the prepared HfS₂-rGO NS and HfP-rGO NS catalysts were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Bruker D8 advanced diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å). Raman spectra of HfS₂-rGO NS and HfP-rGO NS were recorded using a Renishaw inVia spectrometer with 532 nm laser excitation. Morphologies of the HfS₂-rGO NS and HfP-rGO NS catalysts were captured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the elements in the catalysts were distinguished by elemental mapping techniques using a Hitachi (S-4800) SEM. The in-depth morphology of the prepared catalysts was further examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction tests using a Tecnai (20 U-TWIN) TEM. The elemental composition and the binding energies of the HfS₂-rGO NS and HfP-rGO NS were detected using a Thermo Fisher Scientific ESCALAB 250Xi X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) with Al Kα radiation.

The microcosmic surface morphology of the samples was observed using a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi SU8010, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). The functional groups of the samples were analyzed using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (NEXUS 670, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The spectra were collected using KBr powder as a matrix in the range of 450–4000 cm⁻¹. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded on a DRON-4-07 X-ray diffractometer (Bourevestnik, St. Petersburg, Russia) in the range of 10° < 2θ < 80° using Cu Kα irradiation. XPS analysis was performed using an ESCALAB 250XI X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), selecting Al Kaas as the X-ray source.

TEM and HAADF-STEM images were acquired with a JEOL-2010 FEI Tecnai G20 field-emission microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) operated at 200 kV. SEM images were obtained by field emission scanning electron microscopy (JSM6700). ICP was performed on an Ultima2. PXRD patterns were recorded on a Miniflex 600 X-ray diffractometer under Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406). The Raman spectra were performed on a Labram HR800 Evolution over a range of 300–3500 cm⁻¹. The N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms of the samples were collected using a Micromeritics ASAP 2460 instrument. The micropore size distributions of the samples were calculated via a non-local density functional theory (NLDFT) method and the mesopore size distributions were calculated by the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) adsorption isotherms. The specific surface areas were measured using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) model. Elemental analyses were measured by a vario EL cube (Elementar, Germany). XPS was performed on an ESCALAB 250Xi X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (Thermo Fisher) using monochromatized Al Kα radiation (15 kV, 10 mA).

The surface morphology and elemental composition of the MGO was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Quanta−200, The Netherlands). Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectra were measured by an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDAX Genesis 2000, USA). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of MGO were obtained by using a powder diffractometer (Rigaku D/max−2500) with a Cu Kα source. A Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (PerkinElmer S pectrum One, Waltham, MA, USA) was applied to characterize the samples by using the KBr pellet technique. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed on an ESCALAB 250Xi X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA).