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35 protocols using mcp 1

1

Inflammatory Mediator Analysis in Hepatic Tissues

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To measure expressions of inflammatory mediators in hepatic tissues, liver (right lobe) was homogenized in ice-cold RIPA (radioimmunoprecipitation assay) buffer using a bead homogenizer (taco™Prep Bead Beater, GeneReach Biotechnology Corp., Taichung, Taiwan). After centrifugation at 20,000× g for 20 min, the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in the resulting supernatant were measured by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELSIA) kit (Mybiosource, San Diego, CA, USA), following manufacturer’s instructions.
In the case of in vitro experiment, nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expressions in conditioned media were quantified. To measure NO, conditioned media (100 µL) was reacted with the same volume of Griess reagent, and absorbance at 540 nm was detected using an automated microplate reader (BioTek). Expressions of proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1 (BD Biosciences), and PGE2 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) in conditioned media were measured using commercial ELISA kit.
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2

Comprehensive Lung Immune Profiling

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For collection of BAL fluid, the contents of the bronchi and lungs were washed 5 times with 0.5 ml of PBS with 10% FBS. After BAL suspension centrifugation, the cell pellets were suspended in 100 μL of PBS, and a 10 μL suspension was placed on a glass slide in duplicate and then dried for 24 h. The preparations were stained with a Differential Quik Stain Kit (Electron Microscopy Sciences) according to the protocol, embedded in the synthetic polymer (CS703, Dako), and analyzed using a Leica DM600Β microscope. Ten random fields were examined at a magnification of 20× for each preparation. The numbers of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages were counted15 (link). The cell composition was expressed as a percentage of the total number of cells in the sample.
The remaining cells were analyzed using a flow cytometer for markers of major hematopoietic cells (BioLegend, 133305). A mixture of isotypic antibodies was used as a control. The percentage of positive cells in the total cell population was measured.
The cell-free part of the BAL was analyzed via ELISAs for the content of the proinflammatory factors MCP-1 (BD Biosciences) and IL-8 (MyBioSource) using commercial kits.
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3

MDSC Migration Assay Protocol

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Dissociated tumor cells were placed in the bottom chamber of a 24-well cell culture plate. Purified MDSC splenocytes were labeled with 1 mM CellTrace™ Far Red DDAO-SE (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and place in the upper chamber (3 μm cell culture inserts with PET membranes, BD Falcon). MDSCs were allowed to migrate to the bottom well for 24 hours. Migrated and labeled cells were then analyzed by flow cytometry on a LSRII Flow Cytometer (BD Bioscience) and quantified using Count Bright Absolute Counting Beads (Invitrogen). Percentage migration was calculated as: (number of migrated cells) × 100/(total cells added per well). IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, IFNγ, TNF, and IL-12p70 recombinant proteins (500 pg/ml, BD Bioscience) (+) or media alone (−) were used for control chambers. Details and specific conditions are provided in SEP.
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4

Quantifying Cytokine Levels in BAL

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Cytokines (CINC-1, R & D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA; MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-10, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) in BAL were measured by commercially available ELISA kits according to the manufacturers’ instructions.
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5

Measurement of Inflammatory Cytokines

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Human TNF-α (BD Bioscience), IL-1β (BioLegend), IL-10 (BioLegend), IL-8 (BioLegend), and MCP-1 (BD Bioscience) concentration was measured in culture supernatants of monocytes, B. abortus, and/or platelets by sandwich ELISA, using paired cytokine-specific Abs according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
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6

Quantifying Inflammatory Cytokines in Media

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Mouse TNF (Cat# 558534), IL-6 (Cat#555240) and MCP-1 (Cat# 555260) levels in culture media were measured by using specific ELISA kits following the manufacturer’s instructions (BD Biosciences, Pharmingen, San Diego, CA, USA).
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7

Assessing Lung Inflammation in Mice

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Following the measurement of lung function, mice were euthanased by anaesthetic overdose. A bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was obtained as described previously [9] (link) in order to assess inflammatory cells and cytokines. The concentrations of IL-6, MIP-2 (mouse IL-8 analogue) and IL-1β in the BAL were determined by ELISA according to the manufacturer’s instructions (MIP-2, R&D Systems, Minnesota, U.S.A; IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, BD Biosciences, California, U.S.A.) from the lavage supernatant.
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8

ELISA Analysis of Cell Culture Secretome

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The procedures followed our recent publication.21 (link) Briefly, the culture supernatants (CSs) were harvested after a 48-hour culture period. The ELISA kits for human VEGF, PEDF, MCP-1, IL-8, and IL-6 were obtained from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA, USA). The measurements were performed in quadruplicate and repeated as three independent experiments. The averages of the quadruplicates are shown (Fig. 2).
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9

Colon Inflammation Biomarker Profiling

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Mouse blood samples were placed at 4°C to precipitate serum, which was carefully aspirated after centrifuged at 2,500 rpm for 30 min.
Details of colon organ culture are described previously (Greten et al., 2004 (link); Ismail et al., 2011 (link)). Briefly, the distal 2 cm of the colon was resected and recorded the wet weight. The colon tissue was longitudinally sliced open and rinsed with PBS containing penicillin/streptomycin, and further cut into 1 cm2 sections. Colon sections were incubated in RPMI 1640 media containing PS for 24 h, and cell-free supernatants were used to detect inflammatory cytokines.
Then, following the manufacturer’s instructions, the serum/colonic levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), or monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) (BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA, United States) were measured using ELISA kit.
The levels of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum were analyzed using a Mouse C-Reactive Protein ELISA kit (Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in serum were detected following the kit instructions (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Jiangsu, China).
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10

Urinary Biomarkers of Renal Injury

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Urinary albumin, nephrin and podocalyxin excretion levels were determined as indices of renal injury using ELISA kit (Ethos Biosciences, PA, USA). Urinary thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs, Cayman Chemical, MI, USA) excretion level was assessed as a marker of oxidative stress. Urinary and plasma creatinine levels were assessed using picric acid method and used to calculate creatinine clearance. Urinary monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1, BD Biosciences, MA, USA) excretion level was measured as an index of inflammation.
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