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6 protocols using cbl171

1

Differentiation of Mouse and Human EPS Cells

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Mouse and human EPS cells were trypsinized to single cells, separated from the MEF feeder cells by pre-plating on gelatin-coated plates, and cultured for 6 days on ultra-low attachment plates in IMDM (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 12440-053) supplemented with 15% FBS. Then, EBs were collected and plated on the Matrigel-coated plates for 6 days in the same medium, fixed and detected. For human cells, antibodies include anti-FOXA2 (1:200; Abcam, ab108422), anti-LHX5 (1:200; Santa Cruz, sc-130469) and anti-α-SMA (1:400; Millipore, CBL171). For mouse cells, the antibodies included anti-FOXA2 (1:200; ab60721; Abcam), anti-β-III TUBULIN (1:300; Santa Cruz, sc-80016) and anti-α-SMA (1:400; Millipore, CBL171).
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2

Differentiation of Stem Cells into Germ Layers

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Embryoid body (EB) formation was performed by plating single cells in AggreWell800 (Stem Cell Technologies, 34811, Vancouver, Canada) in medium containing Knockout DMEM F-12 (Gibco,12660-012, Grand Island, NY, USA), 20% Knockout Serum (Gibco, 10828-028, Grand Island, NY, USA), non-essential amino acids-1x (Gibco, 11140-050) and Glutamax-1x (Gibco, 35050-061). Medium was changed 48 hours later and thereafter till day 7 in an every-other-day mode. On day 7, EB spheres were collected and plated onto plates coated with 0.1% Gelatin (Millipore, ES-006-B) and medium containing Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Gibco 11965-092), 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, SH30071), non-essential amino acids-1x (Gibco, 11140-050) and Glutamax-1x (Gibco, 35050-061). Medium was changed every other day for 7 days. On day 7 post plating, EBs were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Santa Cruz, SC-281692, Dallas, TX, USA), and stained for detection of cells of the three germ layers with antibodies for the following antigens: SOX17 (R&D Systems, AF1924, Minneapolis, MN, USA) for endoderm, PAX6 (BioLegend, PRB-278P, San Diego, CA, USA) for ectoderm and SMA (Millipore, CBL171) for mesoderm.
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3

Western Blot Analysis of Lung Proteins

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Total protein lysates were extracted from lung tissues or MLg2908 cells by homogenization in the Laemmli sample buffer. An equal amount of proteins (30 μg per lane) were separated by electrophoresis on 8% polyacrylamide gels, and the proteins were electro-transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) overnight. The membranes were then incubated with primary antibodies as follows: anti-β-actin (1:1000, Santa Cruz), anti-α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) (1:1000, CBL171, Millipore), anti-transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 (1:1000, ab92486, Abcam), anti-collagen type 1 (Col I) (1:1000, ab21286, Abcam), anti-fibronectin (FN) (1:1000, F7387, Sigma-Aldrich), anti-vitamin D receptor (VDR) (1:1000, sc-13133, Santa Cruz), anti-renin (1:1000, sc-133145, Santa Cruz), anti-AT1R (1:1000, ab124734, Abcam) and anti-AGT (1:1000, sc-374511, Santa Cruz). Secondary antibody was horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-IgG (ZB-2301, ZB-2305, ZSGB-BIO). The relative amount of proteins in each band was quantified using ImageJ (NIH), and normalized to β-actin (TA-09, ZSGB-BIO) as an internal loading control.
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4

Isolation and Cultivation of Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

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Rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were prepared by explantation of the descending thoracic aorta of 4-week-old male rats under anesthesia (10 % chloral hydrate; 350 mg/kg ip.) and were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 10 % (v/v) fetal bovine serum as previously reported [18 (link)]. All of the cells were incubated at 37 °C in 5 % CO2 in air. VSMCs were authenticated using immunohistochemical staining for α-smooth muscle actin (Millipore, CBL171). Cultures showing more than 95 % staining for α-actin between passage three and seven were used. All experimental procedures were performed according to the guidelines for the care and use of animals established by Soochow University and conformed to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH Publication No. 85-23, revised 1996).
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5

Histological Analysis of Tissue Samples

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For histological analysis, tissues were dissected and fixed in a mix of 2% PFA and 20% sucrose solution overnight, then embedded in Tissue-tek O.C.T. (Electron Microscopy Sciences). Blocks were frozen in a dry ice and ethanol bath. For immunofluorescence, 6μm O.C.T. tissue cryosections were stained with antibodies against F4/80 (14-4801-85, 1:100, eBioscience), fibronectin (sc59826, 1:50, Santa Cruz), αSMA (CBL171, 1:500, EMD Millipore), Gr-1 (ab25377, 1:50, Abcam), CD31 (sc59906, 1:100, Santa Cruz), S100A4 (ab27957, 1:100, Abcam), epCAM (sc59906, 1:50, Santa Cruz), and TGFβ (ab66043, 1:100, Abcam). In some experiments, ECM evaluation was done by using antibodies directed to collagen I (ab6308, 1:100, Abcam), vitronectin (sc15332, 1:100, Santra Cruz), and tenascin C (ab6346, 1:100, Abcam). Secondary antibodies conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488, 555, or 594 were used (a11007, a11001, or a21424, respectively, 1:1000, Life Technologies). GFP and mCherry+ cells were detected by their intrinsic signal. Fluorescent images were obtained using a Nikon confocal microscope (Eclipse TE2000U) and analyzed using Nikon software (EZ-C1 3.6). FN and αSMA expression were quantified using ImageJ Software (NIH) by determining the ratio between the areas of FN and DAPI staining, expressed in arbitrary units (A.U).
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6

Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Colonies growing on MEF were detached using Dispase/Collagenase IV (1 mg/ml each; both from Life Technologies) in DMEM/F12 and grown as a suspension culture on low adherent plates using hESC media without bFGF. After 1 week of suspension growth, cells were transferred to 12 or 24-well plates coated with 0.1% gelatin and grown in DMEM supplemented with 20% FBS, 0.1 mM nonessential amino acids, 2 mM GlutaMAX, 1% Pen/Strep and 64 μg/ml L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate sesquimagnesium salt hydrate. Embryoid bodies were grown for 1–2 weeks prior to fixation and immunofluorescence staining. Cultures were fixed and stained as described above using the following antibodies: AFP (1:200, SC-130302, Santa Cruz Biotech), FOXA2 (1:200, SC-6554, Santa Cruz Biotech), α-smooth muscle actin (1:1500, CBL171, EMD Millipore, Billerica, Massachussets) and MAP2 (1:200, sc-20172 and sc-74420, Santa Cruz Biotech).
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