Sodium alginate alg

Gum Arabic (GA) used in this study was purchased from the ENNASR company (Mw: 2.5 × 10⁶ g. mol⁻¹, Khartoum, Sudan). Sodium alginate (ALG: molecular weight = 4.8 × 106 ± 1.8 × 10⁵ Da, nominal viscosity = 300 mPa.s) was bought from Sigma Aldrich (Dteroit, MI, USA). Curcumin (purity, >98%, Mw = 368.36 g/moL, C₁₂H₂₀O₆) was bought from Biolution Resources company (Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia). Phosphate buffer solution (PBS) was purchased from R&M (Pekin, China). Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), Trypsine-EDTA, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Trolox, and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) high glucose were bought from Sigma Aldrich (St. Loius, MO, USA).

Sodium alginate (alg) (European Pharmacopoeia X, MW ≈ 240 KDa) was obtained from Carlo Erba (Carlo Erba, Milan, Italy); amidated low methoxy (ALM) pectin (pct) (esterification degree 24% and amidation degree 23%) was kindly offered by Herbstreith and Fox KG (Neuenburg, Germany); zinc acetate dihydrate was supplied from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy). Betamethasone (B) was provided by Carbosynth (Compton, United Kingdom). All other chemicals and reagents were obtained from Sigma Aldrich and used as supplied.

Gelatin (Gel) from bovine skin (type B) (CAS#: 9000-70-8) and sodium alginate (Alg) (CAS#: 9005-38-3) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was obtained from Bioman Taiwan (New Taipei City, Taiwan)). All other biochemical reagents were acquired from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Cleveland, OH, USA) and were of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade.

Metformin hydrochloride (MF) was a product of Debao Fine Chemical CO (Henan, China). Sodium alginate (ALG) (with viscosity 132.6 mPa∙s of 2% solution), mucin, and gelatin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, methanol, propan-1,2-diol, acetonitrile, and calcium chloride were from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland). Water was purified by osmosis system, Milli-Q Reagent Water System (Billerica, MA, USA). Porcine stomach mucosa was derived from the local veterinary service.

bovine serum albumin was purchased to engineer the albumin conjugates. bovine serum albumin (BSA), locust bean gum (LBG, M_w = 66,000 g/mol), and sodium alginate (ALG, medium viscosity, M_w = 120,000 g/mol) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Ltd. (Hamburg, Germany). The Fluoraldehyde™ o-Phthaldialdehyde Reagent Solution (OPA) was obtained from Thermo Scientific™ (Waltham, MA, USA). Broad-range SDS–PAGE molecular weight standards purchased from VWR (VWR International Ltd., Debrecen, Hungary) were used as molecular mass standards (myosin 200 kDa, β-galactosidase 120 kDa, bovine serum albumin 91 kDa, glutamic dehydrogenase 62 kDa, ovalbumin 47 kDa, carbonic anhydrase 37 kDa, myoglobin 28 kDa, lysozyme 19 kDa, aprotinin 9 kDa). The distilled water was prepared by a laboratory purification system.

The chitosan (CHI) polymer we used in the present work originates from crabs and was obtained, purified, and characterized as described in Abreu et al. (2013), with a viscosimetric molar mass (Mz) of 4.126 × 105 g mol⁻¹ and a deacetylation degree of 77% [17 ]. Sodium alginate (ALG, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and Arabic gum (AG, Dinâmica, SP, Brasil) sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), and Tween^® 80 (Dinâmica Química Contemporânea, Jardim da Glória, São Paulo, SP, Brasil) were also used. Cardanol was isolated and purified according to a methodology with adaptations [18 (link)], monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and analyzed by HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography).

Sodium alginate (Alg) and gum arabic (Ga) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Methylene bisacryl-amide (MBA) (Fluka, Buchs, Germany) and potassium persulfate (KPS) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were used as the crosslinker and initiator, respectively.