A borosilicate glass fiber was pulled with a micropipette puller (P97, Sutter Instruments, Novato, CA), with an additional rod 1 μm in diameter fabricated at a 90° angle using a microforge. The stiffness of the glass fiber was calibrated by fitting a Lorentzian function to the power spectral density of the fiber’s Brownian motion in water, imaged at 10,000 frames/s. The stiffness of the fibers used in these experiments was 150–200 μN/m. A fiber was then mounted on a piezoelectric stimulator (P-150, Piezosystem Jena, Hopedale, MA) and attached to a hair bundle at the kinociliary bulb with a micromanipulator. Before the experiment, the fiber tip was dipped into 2 mg/mL concanavalin-A to enhance the adhesion. Slow ramps or step deflections were generated with a function generator (AFG 3022, Tektronix, Portland, OR) and sent to the piezoelectric amplifier. We explored the effects of deflection toward the kinocilium, mimicking the offset observed under the otolithic membrane. The ramp amplitude at the base of the fiber was fixed at 1.3 μm, reached over a 1-min period, and the step deflection was fixed at a maximum of 0.7 μm. Unless indicated otherwise, the offset reported is the absolute deflection at the tip of the bundle, whereas the sinusoidal amplitude is reported as the signal amplitude applied to the base of the probe.
Afg3022
Manufactured by Tektronix
Sourced in United States
The AFG3022 is a dual-channel arbitrary function generator from Tektronix. It generates a variety of waveforms, including sine, square, ramp, and pulse, as well as arbitrary waveforms. The device has a frequency range of up to 25 MHz and a sample rate of 250 MS/s.
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Lab products found in correlation
9 protocols using afg3022
1
Measuring Hair Bundle Mechanics
2
Dual Electric Field Characterization
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The sample was specially designed to ensure that two independent electric field signals could be applied, and the electrode layers of the sample on the glass substrates were separated into two discrete regions with a nonconductive band by sculpting the nonconductive sections (Fig. 5e ). Two independent square wave signals were applied to the sample, whose electric field strengths remained the same and the frequencies were adjustable; they were generated via two signal generators (AFG3022, Tektronix, USA) that passed the signal through the corresponding signal amplifiers (A600, FLC Electronics, USA). The POM textures were captured by a digital camera (DS-U3, Nikon, Japan) coupled with polarized optical microscopy (LVPOL 100, Nikon, Japan), while the reflection spectra were recorded by a fiber connected to a spectrometer (ULS2048, Avantes, the Netherlands, resolution: ~0.3 nm). The infrared photographs were collected by a thermal imager (TIS65, FLUKE, USA).
3
Optical Control of Liquid Crystal Defects
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The control system was implemented in MATLAB and used both the Image Acquisition and Instrument Control Toolboxes. The BX51 optical microscope was configured as described above and frames from the CCD camera were analysed in a loop running at 10 iterations/frames per second. The position of the defect was determined by taking line-sections across the disclination line channel and using an in-built function findchangepts to find abrupt changes in a signal, corresponding to the position of the defect. This position is compared with a set position to produce an error value for each iteration of the loop. The voltage output from a Tektronix AFG3022 function generator producing a 1 kHz square wave was made proportional to this error signal. The voltage to hold the disclination line in place (when the two topologically discontinuous director states are of equal energy) was found experimentally. The control loop was configured with a bias so that the function generator outputs this experimentally-determined hold voltage when the error signal is equal to zero to avoid formation of the transient twisted (T) state. A GUI was created with a live view of the device in order to allow the control loop parameters to be tuned during operation and the set point to be adjusted by the user.
4
Characterizing Triboelectric Nanogenerator Performance
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A mechanical shaker (S510575, TIRA) was connected to a function generator (AFG 3022, Tektronix) and power amplifier (BAA 120, TIRA) to generate a step function input. An oscilloscope (DPO 3052, Tektronix, USA) and a voltage probe (P5100A, Tektronix) were used to measure the output voltage and current. In addition, a low‐noise current amplifier (SR570, Stanford Research Systems) was used to measure the output current, minimizing noise interference. A force sensor (1051V2, Dytran) was attached to the top of the shaker to measure the force between the shaker and substrate. A photographic description of the experimental setup is presented in Figure S25 (Supporting Information). The instantaneous peak power density was calculated using the following equation:
Here, Pinstantaneous represents the instantaneous power density, I is the positive output current for each resistance, R is the value of the connected resistance, and A is the area of the friction surface. The current was measured by serially connecting each resistance with a current amplifier, as shown in FigureS26 (Supporting Information). All TENG experiments were conducted at 18–25° and 40%−45% relative humidity.
Here, Pinstantaneous represents the instantaneous power density, I is the positive output current for each resistance, R is the value of the connected resistance, and A is the area of the friction surface. The current was measured by serially connecting each resistance with a current amplifier, as shown in Figure
5
Thermal Stability and Electro-Optical Characterization
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Thermal stability of such PSBPLC sample was confirmed through the optical texture observed by a polarized optical microscope (POM, Nikon LV100POL) during a heating-and-cooling cycle with a settled rate of 0.5 °C/min. The probe light generated by a double-frequency neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser (532 nm, 10 mW/cm2) impinged on the sample along the cell normal for testing EO performances. The polarization direction of the probe beam was modulated to ± 45° with respect to the orientation of IPS electrodes, to ensure a larger transmission contrast between applying and removing the driving voltage (square wave, 1 kHz) generated from a signal generator (Tektronix, AFG3022). Kerr constant of the sample was obtained by fitting the dependency between the square of applied electric-field and the field-induced birefringence of the sample in accordance with the extended Kerr equation34 (link); while the birefringence was measured through the commonly used Senarmont’s method35 (link). The response behaviour was monitored by a photoelectric-converter-connected oscilloscope.
6
Dynamic Electrical Output Testing of WTENG
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We have utilized a standard dynamic testing platform as shown in the schematic in Figure 3 to test the electrical output of the WTENG when mechanically contacted with a freestanding dielectric elastomeric layer (PDMS 184) under different applied forces and frequencies. A function generator (AFG3022, Tektronix Inc., Beaverton, OR, USA) linked to a linear power amplifier (PA25E, Brüel & Kjær Co., Nærum, Denmark) was used to control the excitation frequency and normal force exerted by the shaker, respectively. A force feedback sensor attached to the front of the shaker measures the applied contact force, which is displayed as voltage waveforms on the digital phosphor oscilloscope after signal conditioning. A 50 mm2 PDMS layer is attached to the tip of the force sensor as it contacts the surface of the 60 mm2 WTENG that is fixed on an acrylic block. The open circuit voltage and the transferred charge were measured using an electrometer (Keithley 6514 System Electrometer, Beaverton, OR, USA) with a high input resistance. For simulating human motion such as walking and arm movement, the WTENG was contacted under different forces and frequencies and the resulting electrical output was measured by the electrometer.
7
Stability Analysis of Printed SWCNT-TFTs
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To analyze the pSWCNT-TFTs’ stability under a Temperature Humidity Test, the pSWCNT-TFT samples were stored in a chamber with 85 °C temperature/85% relative humidity (RH) conditions. These test conditions were adopted because they are usually adopted in the semiconductor and display fields for testing environmental stability (International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60,068). The surface tension and viscosity of the formulated inks were measured at a constant temperature of 25 ± 2 °C using a SV-10 Vibro viscometer (A&D Co., Tokyo, Japan). In addition, a semiconductor parameter analyzer (Keithley 4200, Solon, OH, USA), a function generator (AFG 3022, Tektronix, Beaverton, OR, USA), a digital phosphor oscilloscope (DPO 4034, Tektronix, Beaverton, OR, USA), and an inductance capacitance resistance (LCR) meter (4284A, Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, CA, USA) were used to characterize and test the pSWCNT-TFTs under normal ambient condition and a Temperature Humidity Test condition. In addition, the surface morphology of the pSWCNT-TFTs was studied using a surface profiler (NV-220, Nanosystem, Daejeon, Korea) and a microscope (semiconductor inspection microscope MX51, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
8
Triboelectric Nanogenerator Performance Evaluation
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The carbon paper was glued
on conducting Al tape attached to acrylate holders and contacted against
fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) film (thickness ∼131 μm)
as a tribonegative counter electrode. A setup consisting of a mechanical
shaker (S510575, TIRA) connected to a power amplifier (Type BAA120)
and function generator (AFG3022, Tektronix) was used to provide mechanical
vibrations for the TENG device to undergo contact-separation movements.
The output voltage was recorded with an oscilloscope (DPO 3052, Tektronix)
connected to a voltage probe (40 MΩ). The short-circuit current
(Isc) was measured with an electrometer
(6514, Keithley). The measurements were conducted at 22 °C and
20–23% relative humidity.
on conducting Al tape attached to acrylate holders and contacted against
fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) film (thickness ∼131 μm)
as a tribonegative counter electrode. A setup consisting of a mechanical
shaker (S510575, TIRA) connected to a power amplifier (Type BAA120)
and function generator (AFG3022, Tektronix) was used to provide mechanical
vibrations for the TENG device to undergo contact-separation movements.
The output voltage was recorded with an oscilloscope (DPO 3052, Tektronix)
connected to a voltage probe (40 MΩ). The short-circuit current
(Isc) was measured with an electrometer
(6514, Keithley). The measurements were conducted at 22 °C and
20–23% relative humidity.
9
Acoustophoretic Manipulation of Microparticles
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The setup consisted of single inlet single outlet, glass- silicone microfluidic chip (GeSim GmbH, Dresden, Germany) of dimension 110 × 535 μm (height × width). For acoustophoretic manipulation the lead zirconate titanium (PZT) transducer with fundamental driving frequency of 2.8 MHz is mounted on the chip by water-soluble glue (Tensive conductive adhesive gel by Perker Labs Inc. USA). The PZT was driven with continuous sinusoidal wave by a function generator (AFG 3022, Tektronix Inc., USA). The MBs solution together with either 10 μm fluorescence particles and/or MBs conjugated with cancer cells were introduced into the microchannel using a syringe pump (Harvard apparatus PHD 2000, Harvard Apparatus, USA) and the images were acquired using an inverted fluorescent microscope. Obtained images were analyzed using the software ImageJ.
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