including proximal and distal colon, as previously described. 10 Briefly, mouse mucosal cells were lysed in lysis buffer
(1% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich, X100), 150 mM NaCl (J.T. Baker 3624-19), 10 mM
Tris (Fisher Scientific, BP152-5) pH 7.4, 1 mM EDTA (Fisher Scientific, BP120-1), 1 mM
EGTA (Sigma-Aldrich, E3889) pH 8.0, 0.2 mM sodium ortho-vanadate (Sigma-Aldrich, S6508)
and protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche Diagnostics, 118367001). Cultured cells were rinsed
twice in ice-cold Hanks’ balanced salt solution (Sigma-Aldrich, H1387), lysed in
protein loading buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 6.8, 100 mM dithiothreitol (Amresco, 0281),
2% SDS (Sigma-Aldrich, L3771), 0.1% bromophenol blue (IBI Scientific,
IB74040) and 10% glycerol (Sigma-Aldrich, G5516)) and sonicated (Branson Sonifier,
250). Equal amount of protein was separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,
transferred to nitrocellulose (Bio-rad, 162-0112) and immunoblotted with primary
antibodies: Villin (Santa Cruz, sc7672), ZO-1 (Invitrogen, 33–9100) or
β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich, A1978) antibodies and visualized by ECL chemiluminescence
(Thermo Scientific, 32106). Membranes probed with more than one antibody were stripped
before re-probing. Western blot bands were quantified using Image Lab 4.01 (Bio-Rad).