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6 protocols using elaidate

1

Lipid Standards for Cell Culture

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Culture medium and supplements were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Oleate, palmitate, stearate, linOleate, elaidate, vaccenate, bovine serum albumin, HepG2, HEK293T, and SK-N-FI cells were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All of the chemicals that were used in this study were of analytical grade. All of the experiments and measurements were carried out by using Millipore ultrapure water.
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Lipid Standards for Metabolic Analyses

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The culture medium and supplements were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Palmitate, oleate, elaidate, vaccenate, FA free bovine serum albumin (BSA), trans-vaccenic acid methyl ester, methyl oleate methyl Palmitate, methyl palmitoleate methyl stearate, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-rac-glycerol (>99%), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (>99%), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol (>97%) and 1-octadecanoyl-2-hexandecanoyl-sn-glycerol (>99%) were from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), n-hexane was purchased from Romil (Waterbeach, UK). C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C18:1(9Z) (>99%) ceramides were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. (Alabaster, AL, USA).Methanol (gradient grade) and acetonitrile (gradient grade) were purchased from Merck KGaA. (Darmstadt, Germany). All other chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade. All experiments and measurements were carried out by using Milipore (Darmstadt, Germany) ultrapure water.
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3

Fatty Acid Uptake Assay in Cell Lines

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Culture medium and supplements were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Oleate, palmitate, stearate, linOleate, elaidate, vaccenate, bovine serum albumin, HEK293T and HepG2 cells were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All chemicals used in the study were of analytical grade. All experiments and measurements were performed using Millipore ultrapure water.
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4

Fatty Acid Treatment Optimization

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Palmitate, elaidate, oleate and vaccenate (Sigma, Burlington, MA, USA) were diluted in ethanol (Molar Chemicals, Budapest, Hungary) to a concentration of 100 mM, conjugated with 20% FA free BSA (Sigma, Burlington, MA, USA) in a 1:4 ratio at 50 °C for 1 h. The working solution for FA treatments was always freshly prepared in FBS-free and antibiotic-free medium in a 0.2, 0.4 or 0.8 mM final concentration. The culture medium was replaced by FBS-free and antibiotic-free medium at 1 h before the cells were treated with FAs for 8–24 h at 70–80% confluence in 6-well plates (for Western blot; qPCR; electron microscopy and analysis of ceramides, DGs, TGs and fatty acid profile) or in 96-well plates (for cell viability assay and the detection of apoptosis and necrosis).
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5

Lipid Metabolic Profiling Protocol

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Culture medium and supplements were purchased from Thermo Scientific (USA). Palmitate, oleate, elaidate, vaccenate, fatty acid free bovine serum albumin, trans-vaccenic acid methyl ester, methyl oleate methyl Palmitate, methyl palmitoleate methyl stearate, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-racglycerol (>99%), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (>99%), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol (>97%), 1-octadecanoyl-2-hexandecanoyl-sn-glycerol (>99%), NADH (≥97%), and sodium pyruvate (>99%) were from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), n-hexane was purchased from Romil (UK). C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C18:1(9Z) (>99%) ceramides were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids Inc (Alabaster, AL). Methanol (gradient grade) and acetonitrile (gradient grade) were purchased from Merck (Germany). All other chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade. All experiments and measurements were carried out by using Millipore ultrapure water.
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6

Fatty Acid Profiling and Cell Assays

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Palmitate, elaidate, oleate and vaccenate (Sigma) were diluted in isopropanol (Molar Chemicals) to a concentration of 50 mM, conjugated with 4.16 mM fatty acid free BSA (Sigma) in 1:4 ratio, on 37 °C for 1 hour. The working solution for fatty acid treatments was always prepared freshly in FBS-free and antibiotic-free medium at 0.25 or 0.5 mM final concentration.
The culture medium had been replaced by FBS-free and antibiotic-free medium for 1 hour before the cells were treated with fatty acids for 4-24 hour at 70-80% confluence in 6-well plates (for western blot, RT-PCR and analysis of ceramides, DGs and fatty acid profile) or in 96-well plates (for cell viability assay and detection of apoptosis and necrosis).
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