containing Pierce Protease and Phosphatase Inhibitor Mini Tablets
(ThermoFisher Scientific, USA) on ice for 10 min. Cell lysates were
centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 15 min at 4 °C, and supernatants
were quantified using the protein assay reagents A and B (Bio-Rad,
USA). Proteins were separated by electrophoresis on a 10% sodium dodecyl
sulfate polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) and were transferred onto a
polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane. The membrane was treated
with 5% skim milk for 1 h and incubated overnight at 4 °C with
primary antibodies in 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA). After washing
with Tris-buffered saline with 0.1% Tween 20 (TBST), the membrane
was incubated with the HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (1:5000)
for 1 h at room temperature. The band images were acquired using a
ChemiDoc Imaging system (Bio-Rad, USA) using the SuperSignal West
Pico PLUS Chemiluminescent Substrate (ThermoFisher Scientific, USA)
or Immobilon Western Chemiliminescent HRP Substrate (Millipore, USA).