Two potentiostat/galvanostat devices were used to conduct electrochemical experiments (Autolab-PGSTAT302 N and PalmSens, Netherlands). The surface of employed working electrodes was characterized by a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) (JEOL JSM 7401F, Japan). The surface of the GCE/rGO/ALG nanostructure before analysis by the FESEM was coated with a layer (3 nm) of gold performed by Cressington 208HR sputter coater (Cressington Scientific Instrument Ltd., Watford, UK). The morphology of AuNPs and aptamer-conjugated AuNPs utilized as the second part of the bioreceptor was investigated by a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) (JEOL JEM-2100, Japan). A UV–Vis spectrophotometer (HP 8453, Agilent Technologies., USA) was applied to confirm the proper synthesis of AuNPs and aptamer-conjugated AuNPs. In order to perform another characterization, the instrument of Malvern Zetasizer equipment (Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK) equipped with Zetasizer software (version 7.11) was applied to determine the average size of AuNPs.
Malvern zetasizer equipment
Manufactured by Malvern Panalytical
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States
The Malvern Zetasizer equipment is a line of analytical instruments used to measure the size, size distribution, zeta potential, and molecular weight of particles, molecules, and macromolecules in a sample. The core function of the Zetasizer is to provide precise and accurate measurements of these properties, which are essential in various scientific and industrial applications.
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2 protocols using malvern zetasizer equipment
1
Electrochemical Characterization of AuNPs
2
Comprehensive Characterization of ZnMgFe LDH
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The prepared ZnMgFe LDH was characterized using different tools: PANalytical (Empyrean) X-ray diffractometer with Cu-Kα radiation (wavelength 0.154 nm, I = 35 mA, V = 40 kV, scanning at a rate of 8° min−1) from two-theta of 5° to 80° was used to determine the crystallinity of the sample. The functional groups were determined using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (Bruker-Vertex 70, KBr pellet technique, Germany), from 400 to 4000 cm−1 wavenumber. The morphology of the synthesized ZnMgFe LDH was investigated using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). CTX concentrations were tracked using a UV-vis spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU UV-2600). The pH of the solution was determined using an (A∂wa–AD1030) pH meter, on Malvern zeta sizer equipment, hydrodynamic particle sizes, and zeta potential were measured (Malvern instruments Ltd), an automatic surface area Braeuer–Emmett–Teller (BET), specific pore volume and pore diameters were measured using (TriStar II 3020, Micromeritics, USA) nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm. Thermal stability and phase transition of the prepared materials were investigated utilizing TGA/DTA instrument.
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