Alzet minipumps

Manufactured by Durect

Sourced in United States

The Alzet minipumps are implantable drug delivery devices designed to provide controlled and continuous administration of substances to laboratory animals. They are compact, osmotically-driven pumps that deliver a pre-determined dose of a substance over a specified duration, typically ranging from one day to six weeks. The core function of Alzet minipumps is to enable precise and prolonged delivery of test compounds or other materials for research purposes.

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Close spelling variants of this product

Alzet osmotic minipumps (84 citations) Alzet osmotic minipumps (Model 1002; (5 citations) Alzet osmotic minipumps (Model 1004, (4 citations) Alzet osmotic minipumps (Model 2ML2, (3 citations) ALZET osmotic minipump model 1003D (2 citations) Alzet osmotic minipump (Model 2ML2, (2 citations) ALZET® 1004 osmotic minipumps (2 citations) Alzet 2001 osmotic minipumps (2 citations) Alzet 2004 osmotic minipumps (2 citations) Alzet osmotic minipumps (model (2 citations)

9 protocols using alzet minipumps

Telmisartan and PD123319 Effects on Tg26 Mice

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Twelve Tg26 mice aging 3 weeks in groups of four were anesthetized by inhalation anesthesia (isoflurane + oxygen). The Alzet minipumps (model # 2004, Durect Corp. Cupertino, CA) containing either saline or Telmisartan (AT₁R blocker, 300 μg/day), or PD123319 (AT₂R blocker, 3 μg/day) were implanted subcutaneously. Four age and sex matched FVBN mice – receiving saline through minipumps – served as control for Tg26 mice receiving saline. After two weeks of infusion, animals were sacrificed and Western blotting studies were carried out from the renal tissues. Renal cortical sections were evaluated for immunohistochemical studies.

Rai P., Lederman R., Haque S., Rehman S., Kumar V., Sataranatrajan K., Malhotra A., Kasinath B.S, & Singhal P.C. (2014). Renin angiotensin system modulates mTOR pathway through AT2R in HIVAN. Experimental and molecular pathology, 96(3), 431-437.

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Antidepressant Delivery in Rat Model

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Rats were anesthetized with isoflurane to implant the osmotic Alzet minipumps (Durect, Palo Alto, CA, USA), which delivered vehicle, vortioxetine subcutaneously at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day for 2 or 14 days, or escitalopram at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day for 14 days. These doses were selected on the basis of previous electrophysiological studies (Bétry et al. 2013 (link)).

El Mansari M., Lecours M, & Blier P. (2015). Effects of acute and sustained administration of vortioxetine on the serotonin system in the hippocampus: electrophysiological studies in the rat brain. Psychopharmacology, 232(13), 2343-2352.

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Putrescine Effects on Spinal Cord Injury

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Prior to SCI induction, animals were randomly assigned into one of the following three treatment groups: (i) SC implant with 0.9% physiological saline (vehicle) control (n = 11), (ii) SC implant with acute putrescine (administered within 30 minutes of injury, n = 14), and (iii) SC implant with delayed putrescine (administered 1 week after injury at time of implantation, n = 9). Putrescine (100 mM) was delivered at a rate of 0.5 μL/hr using two sequentially implanted subcutaneous Alzet minipumps (model 2001; Durect Corp., Cupertino, CA) for a 2-week administration period; emptied pumps were replaced after 1 week [17 (link)]. Figure 2 presents a timeline of the methodology.

Iorgulescu J.B., Patel S.P., Louro J., Andrade C.M., Sanchez A.R, & Pearse D.D. (2015). Acute Putrescine Supplementation with Schwann Cell Implantation Improves Sensory and Serotonergic Axon Growth and Functional Recovery in Spinal Cord Injured Rats. Neural Plasticity, 2015, 186385.

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Alzet Minipump Implantation in Mice

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All animals were treated and cared for in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Institutes of Health, revised 2011), and protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Male C57BL/6J mice were obtained from Jackson Laboratories at 11 weeks of age. For this initial study, we used only male mice to determine if Fc‐relaxin provided protection. Future studies will examine sex differences. After 1 week of equilibration housing, micro‐osmotic Alzet minipumps (model 1002; DURECT Corporation, Cupertino, CA) were implanted subcutaneously into mice. Mice are anesthetized using 1% to 3% isoflurane given by inhalation through a vaporizer. Each pump delivered a constant dose (0.25 μL/h) of infused drug or vehicle.

Sun J., Hao W., Fillmore N., Ma H., Springer D., Yu Z., Sadowska A., Garcia A., Chen R., Muniz‐Medina V., Rosenthal K., Lin J., Kuruvilla D., Osbourn J., Karathanasis S.K., Walker J, & Murphy E. (2019). Human Relaxin‐2 Fusion Protein Treatment Prevents and Reverses Isoproterenol‐Induced Hypertrophy and Fibrosis in Mouse Heart. Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease, 8(24), e013465.

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Cellular Iron Homeostasis Protocol

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Gallium maltolate was provided by Titan Pharmaceuticals (South San Francisco, CA). Mouse anti-Human TfR antibody (anti-CD71) and rabbit anti-rat TfR antibody were from Biogenex Laboratories (San Ramon, CA), and ABBIOTEC (San Diego, CA), respectively. Antibodies to RRM2, H- and L-ferritin, and TfR1 were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc (Santa Cruz, CA). Human Tf, 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), oligomycin, carbonilcyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP), and antimycin A were obtained from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO). Alzet mini-pumps were obtained from Durect Corporation (Cupertino CA). ¹²⁵I-Na and ⁵⁵FeCl₃ were purchased from Perkin Elmer (Richmond, CA) and ¹²⁵I-Tf and ⁵⁵Fe-Tf were prepared as previously described (16 (link)).

Chitambar C.R., Al-Gizawiy M.M., Alhajala H.S., Pechman K.R., Wereley J.P., Wujek R., Clark P.A., Kuo J.S., Antholine W.E, & Schmainda K.M. (2018). Gallium Maltolate Disrupts Tumor Iron Metabolism and Retards the Growth of Glioblastoma by Inhibiting Mitochondrial Function and Ribonucleotide Reductase. Molecular cancer therapeutics, 17(6), 1240-1250.

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Oxytocin Solubilization and Minipump Priming

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Fresh solutions of OT acetate salt were prepared the day of each experiment (Study 1 and Study 5). OT and bombesin (Bachem Americas, Torrance, CA, USA) were solubilized in sterile water. Angiotensin II (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in sterile saline and used to verify cannula placement (Study 1). Fresh solutions of OT acetate salt (Bachem Americas, Inc., Torrance, CA, USA) were solubilized in sterile water, loaded into Alzet^® minipumps (model 2004; DURECT Corporation, Cupertino, CA, USA), and subsequently primed in sterile 0.9% saline at 37 °C for approximately 40 h prior to minipump implantation, based on manufacturer’s recommended instructions (Study 2–4).

Anekonda V.T., Thompson B.W., Ho J.M., Roberts Z.S., Edwards M.M., Nguyen H.K., Dodson A.D., Wolden-Hanson T., Chukri D.W., Herbertson A.J., Graham J.L., Havel P.J., Wietecha T.A., O’Brien K.D, & Blevins J.E. (2021). Hindbrain Administration of Oxytocin Reduces Food Intake, Weight Gain and Activates Catecholamine Neurons in the Hindbrain Nucleus of the Solitary Tract in Rats. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(21), 5078.

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Pharmacological Modulation of Opioid Signaling

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Naloxone, naltrexone, buprenorphine hydrochloride, DAMGO, forskolin, IBMX, Naloxone hydrochloride, fentanyl, and diazepam were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. Carfentanil was obtained from Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. C Ham-F12 and FBS were purchased from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA. EPD1504 was provided by R2M Pharma, South San Francisco, CA, USA and synthesized as reported in our previous study (35 (link)); a schematic of EPD1504 is shown in Figure 1A. Naloxone, naltrexone, and fentanyl were dissolved in 0.9% saline; stock solutions of the other compounds were prepared by dissolving in DMSO and kolliphor and then diluting with 0.9% saline to working concentrations, which contained 1% or less of DMSO and kolliphor; vehicle control solutions consisted of 0.9% saline, 1% DMSO, and 1% kolliphor. Unless otherwise stated, injection was subcutaneous (s.c.) at 3–5 mL/kg. ALZET minipumps (2ML1: flow rate 10 μL/h for 7 days) purchased from Durect Corporation, Cupertino, California was used for subchronic dosing.

Youngblood B., Medina J.C., Gehlert D.R, & Schwartz N. (2023). EPD1504: a novel μ-opioid receptor partial agonist attenuates obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD)-like behaviors. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1170541.

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Stereotaxic Implantation and Intrahippocampal Infusions

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For stereotaxic surgery, mice were anesthetized with Isoflurane and implanted with bilateral cannulae (Plastics One) at the following coordinates (in mm): anteroposterior, −2.1; mediolateral, ±1.5; dorsoventral, 2.1 (Paxinos and Franklin, 2001 ). Cannulae were connected to Alzet minipumps (Durect Corporation, Cupertino, CA, USA) that had been primed for 24hr at 37°C in sterile saline. For intrahippocampal corticosterone infusions, a water-soluble complex of corticosterone and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was delivered at 60ng/24hr for two weeks, as described (Wosiski-Kuhn et al., 2014 (link)). For intrahippocampal GSK3β inhibition, Alzet pumps were filled with TDZD-8, a non-ATP-competitive selective inhibitor of GSK3β (Martinez et al., 2002 (link)). We generated (n=8) mice in each of the following conditions: Wt-Vehicle, db/db-Vehicle, Wt-TDZD8, db/db-TDZD-8. TDZD-8 was delivered at a rate of 2μM/24hr for two weeks, with behavioral testing three days prior to euthanasia as described below.

Dey A., Hao S., Wosiski-Kuhn M, & Stranahan A.M. (2017). Glucocorticoid-mediated activation of GSK3β promotes tau phosphorylation and impairs memory in type 2 diabetes. Neurobiology of aging, 57, 75-83.

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Continuous Morphine Administration in Mice

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Morphine administration was conducted using 28 day Alzet mini-pumps (Durect Corp., Cupertino, CA). These pumps deliver a consistent and continuous dose of morphine over a 28-day-period. The animals received a dose of 1 mg/kg/day.

Shao Y., Cornwell W., Xu K., Kirchhoff A., Saasoud F., Lu Y., Jiang X., Criner G.J., Wang H., Rogers T.J, & Yang X. (2022). Chronic Exposure to the Combination of Cigarette Smoke and Morphine Decreases CD4+ Regulatory T Cell Numbers by Reprogramming the Treg Cell Transcriptome. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 887681.

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