The experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1 (see Supplementary Information, Sect. 2 ). A 780-nm beam from a focused LD module (85-231, Edmund) passed through a polarisation filter (PF) with a hole diameter of 30 μm (84-065, Edmund) to form a Gaussian beam. The magnification factor was M = (200/100)2 = 4.0, which was selected such that the beam filled the active area of the SLM. The vertical and diagonal phase grating overlapped the beam via an SLM (LCOS-SLM X-10468-02, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K.) with an incident angle of θ = 7.5°. The phase grating was encoded via a DVI connection with a PC. The specifications of the SLM are summarised in Supplementary Table S1 (see Supplementary Information, Sect. 2 ). The beam shape was imaged on the beam profiler (LaserCam-HR, Coherent). The specifications of the beam profiler are summarised in Supplementary Table S2 (see Supplementary Information, Sect. 2 ). The demagnification factor between the SLM and beam profiler was in consideration of the size of the imaging element. The diameters of the lenses were ϕf=300 = 50 mm and ϕf=150 = 25.4 mm. Note that all lenses were achromatic. The filter was made from white cardboard with a printed grid for precise cutting.
Lcos slm x 10468 02
Manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics
The LCOS-SLM X-10468-02 is a liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulator (LCOS-SLM) developed by Hamamatsu Photonics. It is designed to modulate the phase of incident light wavefronts. The device features a 1920 x 1080 pixel resolution and a 15.36 x 8.64 mm effective area.
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3 protocols using lcos slm x 10468 02
1
Gaussian Beam Shaping with Spatial Light Modulator
2
2D-STED Imaging of Bacterial Nucleoids
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STED images were recorder with a custom-built STED setup, previously described (53 ). Excitation of the dyes was done with pulsed diode lasers; at 561 nm (PDL561, Abberior Instruments), 640 nm (LDH-D-C-640, PicoQuant) and 510 nm (LDF-D-C-510, PicoQuant). A laser at 775 nm (KATANA 08 HP, OneFive) was used as the depletion beam, which was split into two orthogonally polarized beams that were separately shaped to a donut and a top-hat respectively in the focal plane using a spatial light modulator (LCOS-SLM X10468–02, Hamamatsu Photonics). The laser beams were focused onto the sample using a HC PL APO 100×/1.40 Oil STED White objective (15506378, Leica Microsystems), through which the fluorescence signal was also collected. The images were recorder with a 561nm excitation laser power of 8–20 μW, a 640 nm excitation laser power of 4–10 μW and a 775 nm depletion laser power of 128 mW, measured at the first conjugate back focal plane of the objective. Two-color STED imaging was done in a line-by-line scanning modality. The pixel size was set between 20 and 30 nm with a pixel dwell time of 50 μs. Volumetric 2D-STED imaging of nucleoids was recorded with a voxel size for xyz volumes was set to 25 × 25 × 200 nm3. The pixel dwell time was set at either 30 or 50 μs.
3
Optical Pushing and Aggregation of 2D Flakes
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Optical pushing and aggregation of MoS 2 and WS 2 flakes is performed in an experimental set-up using an inverted microscope (Zeiss Axiovert 40 CFL). A high numerical aperture oil immersion objective (NA=1.3) focuses the incoming laser beam at 785 nm on the inner surface of the sample cell (Figure 1 b). A CCD camera (Thorlabs DCC 1645C-HQ) is used to image the sample during the aggregation process. To create a circular pattern on the surface we used an LG beam which has a doughnut-shaped intensity distribution. The LG beam with l = 30 topological charge used in Fig. 1 f-h and in Video 3 is generated by a spatial light modulator (Hamamatsu LCOS-SLM X10468-02). This device is used as a diffractive optical element to modulate the phase of the incoming laser beam. To this aim, a computer-generated holographic mask is projected on the SLM plane 25 . By means of two lenses (f= 750 mm and 300 mm), this plane is imaged onto the back focal plane of the objective. Thus, at the focal plane of the objective the Fourier transform of the SLM plane is obtained 47 .
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