X pert pro

The crystalline nature of the ZnO-NPs synthesized by cyanobacterium species was detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD, X’Pert Pro Philips, Dandong, China) at the following operation system: CuKα radiation, the 2θ angle was in a range from 0° to 90°, λ = 1.540 Å (Eindhoven, Netherlands). The voltage and current were adjusted to 40 kV and 30 mA, respectively. The average nanoparticle size was calculated using the following the Debye–Scherrer Equation (1) [32 (link)], shown below: $D = 0.9\lambda /\beta Cos\theta$
where D is the average nanoparticle size and 0.9 is the Scherrer’s constant. λ, β, and θ are the X-ray wavelength, Full-Width Half Maximum, and the Bragg’s angle, respectively.

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was conducted using KBr pellets using Thermo scientific SMART OMNI TRANSMISSIO Nicolt- Is10. The spectra were collected over a range of 400–4000 cm⁻¹. Ultra violet and visible spectrophotometry, Shimadzu 160 spectrometer, has been used using absorption wavelengths to show the type of graft in the studied species and the measurements were taken within the wavelength range of 190–790 nm. Czechia scanning electron microscope was used to examine the SiW₉Ba@SrFe₁₂O₁₉@CS nanoparticles to obtain FE-SEM images. Additionally, elemental mapping analysis was performed to visualize the distribution of different elements within the samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to study the crystallinity of prepared nanomaterials, with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å) for powder XRD, using X'Pert pro Philips. Using a andelin Sonorex Digitec frequency 35 kHz mains connection 230 V Ultrasonic, the solution becomes homogenous, and also by creating strong pressure waves in a liquid environment, it causes flow in the liquid and under suitable conditions causes cavitation phenomenon. The bursting of the bubbles produces a shock wave with enough energy to break the covalent bond.