Telefactor

Manufactured by Natus

Sourced in United States

The Telefactor is a lab equipment product designed for precision measurement and data collection. It features advanced sensors and data processing capabilities to accurately record and analyze various parameters. The core function of the Telefactor is to provide reliable and accurate data for research and analysis purposes in a laboratory setting.

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Grass-Telefactor AURA amplifier Telefactor twin version 2.6 Telefactor S48 stimulator Telefactor F-E2-12 Grass TeleFactor

5 protocols using telefactor

Invasive Epilepsy Surgery Evaluation

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Subdural electrodes were placed primarily on the lesion detected via MRI and surrounding areas, including the eloquent cortex. Additional electrodes were placed based on the results from other noninvasive evaluation modalities. The inter-electrode distance was 10 mm, and the electrode diameter was 4 mm. After electrode implantation, electrode positions were recorded by means of CT. All patients’ ECoG tracings were continuously recorded using a multichannel digital electroencephalography (EEG) acquisition system (Telefactor; Grass Technologies, West Warwick, RI, USA) for at least 24 hours until sufficient seizure events were observed.
Determination of the extent of surgery was based on the location of the tumor and the ictal onset zone as determined with extraoperative ECoG.3 (link) The ictal onset zone included those electrode positions that first showed sustained rhythmic ECoG changes that could be distinguished from background or interictal activities.11 (link) When the tumor involved the hippocampus, an anterior temporal lobectomy with amygdalohippocampectomy along with resection of the ictal onset zone was conducted. In other cases, the resection volume was delineated based on the lesion identified via MRI and the ictal onset zone.3 (link) Following surgery, the patients underwent follow-up visits in an outpatient clinic for at least 25 months (mean, 74.7±37.7).

Lee C., Jeong W, & Chung C.K. (2019). Clinical Relevance of Interictal Spikes in Tumor-Related Epilepsy: An Electrocorticographic Study. Journal of Epilepsy Research, 9(2), 126-133.

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Visual Evoked Potential Measurement in Mice

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Visual evoked potential measurements were taken after the wheel-running behavior tests. This protocol was adapted from published studies [50 (link)]. Mice were dark-adapted for 12 hours before the procedure. Animals were anesthetized, given an eye drop of 0.5% proparacaine as analgesic, followed by 1% tropicamide for dilation. The top of the mouse head was cleaned with an antiseptic solution. A scalpel was used to incise the scalp skin, and a metal electrode was inserted into the primary visual cortex through the skull, 0.8 mm deep from cranial surface, 2.3 mm lateral to the lambda. A platinum subdermal needle (Grass Telefactor) was inserted through the animal’s mouth as reference, and through the tail as ground. Flashes of light at 2 log cd*s/m2 were delivered through a full-field Ganzfeld bowl at 2 Hz. Signal was amplified, digitally processed by the software (Veris Instruments), then exported and peak-to-peak responses were analyzed in Excel (Microsoft). To isolate visual evoked potentials of the measured eye from the crossed signal originating in the contralateral eye, a black aluminum foil eyepatch was used to cover the eye not undergoing measurement. Following the readings, the animals were euthanized, their eyes collected and processed for immunohistochemistry (IHC) and image analysis.

Pandolfi E.C., Breuer J.A., Huu V.A., Talluri T., Nguyen D., Lee J.S., Hu R., Bharti K., Skowronska-Krawczyk D., Gorman M.R., Mellon P.L, & Hoffmann H.M. (2019). The Homeodomain Transcription Factors Vax1 and Six6 are Required for SCN Development and Function. Molecular neurobiology, 57(2), 1217-1232.

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EEG Recording in Pediatric BECTS

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EEGs were recorded using a 32-channel digital EEG system (Grass Telefactor; West Warwick, RI, USA) with electrodes placed according to the international 10–20 system. The sampling rate was 200 Hz. EEGs were recorded without sedation whenever possible, but patients were sedated with chloral hydrate if necessary (50 mg/kg; maximum, 1 g). Only EEGs of sufficient length were analyzed. Medication-naïve EEGs at the diagnosis of BECTS were analyzed to exclude the effect of medication on functional connectivity.

Choi H.S., Chung Y.G., Choi S.A., Ahn S., Kim H., Yoon S., Hwang H, & Kim K.J. (2019). Electroencephalographic Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Benign Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes. Journal of Clinical Neurology (Seoul, Korea), 15(2), 211-220.

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Electrophysiological Recordings in Corticostriatal Slices

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Six-month-old G2019S KI, Lrrk2 KO, D1994S KD, and age-matched WT mice were killed by cervical dislocation. The brain was rapidly removed and coronal corticostriatal slices (250 μm) were cut in Krebs’ solution (in mmol/L: 126 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.2 MgCl₂, 1.2 NaH₂PO₄, 2.4 CaCl₂, 10 glucose, and 25 NaHCO₃) using a vibratome. The slices were maintained in Krebs’ solution, bubbled with an O₂ 95% and CO₂ 5% gas mixture (pH = 7.4) at room temperature. Single coronal slices including the cortex and the striatum were transferred to a recording chamber and submerged in a continuously flowing Krebs’ solution (33 °C; 2.5–3 ml/min) bubbled with a 95% O₂–5% CO₂ gas mixture.
Glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic field potentials (fEPSP) were evoked every 10 s by means of a bipolar electrode connected to a stimulation unit (Grass Telefactor) and located in the white matter between the cortex and the striatum to activate glutamatergic fibers. The recording borosilicate glass electrode filled with 2 mol/L NaCl (resistance 10–15 MΩ), was placed in the dorsolateral striatum (Fig. 1c).

Tozzi A., Tantucci M., Marchi S., Mazzocchetti P., Morari M., Pinton P., Mancini A, & Calabresi P. (2018). Dopamine D2 receptor-mediated neuroprotection in a G2019S Lrrk2 genetic model of Parkinson’s disease. Cell Death & Disease, 9(2), 204.

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Corticostriatal Slice Preparation and Electrophysiology

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The brain was rapidly removed and coronal corticostriatal slices (270 μm) were cut in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) solution (in mM: 126 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.2 MgCl₂, 1.2 NaH₂PO₄, 2.4 CaCl₂, 10 glucose, and 25 NaHCO₃) using a vibratome. The slices were maintained in aCSF, bubbled with an O₂ 95% and CO₂ 5% gas mixture (pH = 7.4) at room temperature (RT). Single coronal slices including the cortex and the striatum were transferred to a recording chamber and submerged in a continuously flowing aCSF (33 °C; 2.5–3 ml/min) bubbled with a 95% O₂–5% CO₂ gas mixture^{28 (link)}. Glutamatergic field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were evoked every 10 s by means of a bipolar electrode connected to a stimulation unit (Grass Telefactor) and located in the white matter between the cortex and the striatum to activate glutamatergic fibers. The recording borosilicate glass electrode filled with 2 mM NaCl (resistance 10–15 MΩ) was placed in the dorsolateral striatum. All drugs were dissolved in aCSF and bubbled with O₂ 95% and CO₂ 5% gas mixture during all the experiments. Then, 10 µM SN-6^{29 (link),30 (link)} or 3 µM CGP-37157^{31 (link)} was sent in perfusion alone for 20 min and in co-application with 0.3 µM Rot. The slices treated with 3 nM α-syn were incubated for 1 h before the application of Rot.

Bastioli G., Piccirillo S., Castaldo P., Magi S., Tozzi A., Amoroso S, & Calabresi P. (2019). Selective inhibition of mitochondrial sodium-calcium exchanger protects striatal neurons from α-synuclein plus rotenone induced toxicity. Cell Death & Disease, 10(2), 80.

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