The C. aeruginascens biomass concentration was determined gravimetrically. For this purpose, biomass suspensions (2 mL using 3 or 7 L bioreactor, 40 mL using 70 L bioreactor) were separated via a 0.45 μm filter and dried at 103°C. To determine the biomass dry weight of L. sulphureus, 5 mL sample was centrifuged (10 min, 5000 g, 25°C), the pellet was washed once and then dried O/N. The reducing sugars were determined by the method of Miller [30 ]. In addition, the sugar composition was determined by HPLC (Rezex™ RPM Monosacharide Pb+2 column, Phenomenex, USA) at 85°C and a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. The total nitrogen (TN) was determined by disintegration with the Laton total nitrogen cuvette test (LCK338, Hach‐Lange, Germany). The determination of the total organic carbon (TOC) was determined by the difference method of the TOC cuvette test (LCK338, Hach‐Lange, Germany). Freeze‐drying (Christ, Germany) was performed after centrifuged biomass was frozen at –80°C O/N.
Lck 338
Manufactured by HACH
Sourced in Germany
LCK 338 is a cuvette test for the measurement of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in water samples. It is a laboratory equipment product developed by HACH.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Lck 303, by HACH (3 mentions)
Lck 914, by HACH (3 mentions)
Dr 3900 spectrophotometer, by HACH (2 mentions)
Lck 341, by HACH (2 mentions)
Lck302, by HACH (1 mentions)
Lck 350, by HACH (1 mentions)
Lck 014, by HACH (1 mentions)
Glp 21 model, by Crison (1 mentions)
Dr600 spectrophotometer, by HACH (1 mentions)
Lck114, by HACH (1 mentions)
Cdh sd1, by Omega Engineering (1 mentions)
Lck 304, by HACH (1 mentions)
Lck 340, by HACH (1 mentions)
9 protocols using lck 338
1
Biomass Characterization of C. aeruginascens and L. sulphureus
2
Quantification of Sugars and Nitrogen
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Total soluble sugar content (g/L), glucose (g/L), and fructose (g/L) were quantified by HPLC analysis as described elsewhere [7 (link)]. Total nitrogen content (mg/L) was assessed by the persulfate digestion method using a total nitrogen kit LCK 338 and a DR 3900 spectrophotometer (Hach Lange, Düsseldorf, Germany).
3
Colorimetric Determination of Nitrogen and Carbon Species
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Total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) was determined using colorimetric verification via cuvette tests LCK302 (Hach Lange GmbH, Germany). Free ammonia nitrogen (FAN) was calculated from TAN value in respect to temperature and pH according to the formula given by Astals and colleagues [74 (link)]. Total organic- and inorganic-carbon (TOC and TIC, respectively) were measured via LCK381, total nitrogen was determined via LCK 338, (Hach Lange GmbH, Germany). The determination of volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations was performed via GC-FID analysis. Sample preparation was done according to the 5560D procedure [75 ] and analyzed using a Shimadzu GC-2010 plus Gas Chromatograph equipped with a Macherey–Nagel OPTIMA® FFAPplus (Length: 30 m, inner diameter: 0.25 mm) column (Macherey–Nagel, Germany) and coupled to an FID detector (supplied with H2 and synthetic air). Analysis was performed under constant pressure of 231.9 kPa with He as carrier gas and N2 as makeup gas with constant flow rate of 60 cm s−1. Column temperature in the first 2 min was at 100 °C with following linear increase to 175 °C within 15 min. VFA-Mix standard (46975-U, Supelco Analytical, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) at concentrations of 0.1, 1 and 10 mM was used for calibration.
4
Total Nitrogen Determination in Wastewater
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Total nitrogen content (mg/L) in the wastewater samples was assessed in triplicate by the persulfate digestion method using a total nitrogen kit LCK 338 and a DR 3900 spectrophotometer (Hach Lange) [26 (link)].
5
Biorefinery Wastewater Characterization
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Concentrations of TN, NH4+-N, PO43−-P and COD were determined in the SBW before and after treatment when the fungal biomass had been removed from the SBW by filtration. All SBW samples were frozen until analysis. Concentration of TN was determined with Hach Lange LCK 338 (ISO 1997 ) and the concentration of NH4+-N was determined with Hach Lange LCK 303 (ISO 1984 ). Phosphate-phosphorus was determined with Hach Lange LCK 350 (ISO 2004 ). In order to study the effect of the treatments on organic carbon, COD was determined using Hach Lange LCK 014 (ISO 1989 ).
6
Physicochemical Analysis of Fermentation Brine
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A pH-meter (model GLP+21 from Crison, Barcelona, Spain) and an electrical conductivity-meter (model GLP31+ from Crison, Barcelona, Spain) were used to measure the pH and conductivity of the fermentation brine samples treated by membrane processes. Also, two conductivity-meters, model CDH-SD1 from Omega Engineering (Norwalk, CT, USA), were used to measure and register feed and draw solution conductivities.
In order to measure the soluble COD, the samples were previously filtered through a 0.45 µm polytetrafluoroethylene filter. The COD of the filtered samples was determined by means of LCK 114 and LCK 414 kits (Hach Lange, Düsseldorf, Germany). The total nitrogen and the total phosphorous content of the samples were determined with LCK338 and LCK348 kits (Hach Lange, Düsseldorf, Germany), respectively. The total phenolic compounds concentration (expressed in milligrams of tyrosol equivalents per liter; mg tyrosol eq·L−1) was determined by means of the Folin–Ciocalteu method [15 (link)]. The color of the samples was calculated as the difference between the sample absorbance at 440 and 700 nm according to De Castro and Brenes [16 (link)]. The absorbance was measured by means of a DR600 spectrophotometer (Hach Lange, Düsseldorf, Germany).
In order to measure the soluble COD, the samples were previously filtered through a 0.45 µm polytetrafluoroethylene filter. The COD of the filtered samples was determined by means of LCK 114 and LCK 414 kits (Hach Lange, Düsseldorf, Germany). The total nitrogen and the total phosphorous content of the samples were determined with LCK338 and LCK348 kits (Hach Lange, Düsseldorf, Germany), respectively. The total phenolic compounds concentration (expressed in milligrams of tyrosol equivalents per liter; mg tyrosol eq·L−1) was determined by means of the Folin–Ciocalteu method [15 (link)]. The color of the samples was calculated as the difference between the sample absorbance at 440 and 700 nm according to De Castro and Brenes [16 (link)]. The absorbance was measured by means of a DR600 spectrophotometer (Hach Lange, Düsseldorf, Germany).
7
Analytical Methods for Wastewater Characterization
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), using the commercial kit LCK 304 (Hach Lange®, Germany). At the end of each cycle total nitrogen (TN) determination was performed, using the commercial kits LCK 338 (Hach Lange®, Germany). Biomass concentration was measured as total suspended nitrogen (TSN), using the commercial kit LCK 304 (Hach Lange®, Germany).
Chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrite and nitrate concentrations were determined using the commercial kit LCK 914, LCK 342 and LCK 339, respectively (Hach Lange®, Germany) .
The pH was manually controlled and measured by using a benchtop metre inoLabVR pH 7110 (WTW, Weilheim, Germany). The adjustment was performed by adding hydrochloric acid (HCl) with a syringe to the bioreactor until reaching the optimal pH.
Chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrite and nitrate concentrations were determined using the commercial kit LCK 914, LCK 342 and LCK 339, respectively (Hach Lange®, Germany) .
The pH was manually controlled and measured by using a benchtop metre inoLabVR pH 7110 (WTW, Weilheim, Germany). The adjustment was performed by adding hydrochloric acid (HCl) with a syringe to the bioreactor until reaching the optimal pH.
8
Monitoring Microbial Biomass Growth
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Optical density at 600 nm wavelength (OD 600 ) was used to monitor the increase in turbidity of pre-cultures, which is assumed to be correspondent to biomass growth only in balanced growth conditions, in a medium containing no hydrophobic compounds (Kalscheuer et al., 2007) (link).
Biomass concentration, as total suspended nitrogen (TSN), was determined using cuvette test LCK238, and the ammonium (NH 4 þ ) depletion was followed by cuvette test LCK 303 (Hach Lange ® , Germany).
COD, TN, nitrates, nitrites were estimated using the commercial kits LCK 914, LCK 338, LCK 340, LCK 341, LCK 303 (Hach-Lange ® , Germany). All analyses were done in triplicate, following the procedures recommended in kits protocol.
Biomass concentration, as total suspended nitrogen (TSN), was determined using cuvette test LCK238, and the ammonium (NH 4 þ ) depletion was followed by cuvette test LCK 303 (Hach Lange ® , Germany).
COD, TN, nitrates, nitrites were estimated using the commercial kits LCK 914, LCK 338, LCK 340, LCK 341, LCK 303 (Hach-Lange ® , Germany). All analyses were done in triplicate, following the procedures recommended in kits protocol.
9
Wastewater Parameter Determination
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Chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium (NH 4 þ ), phosphate (PO 4 3À
), nitrates, nitrites and total ammonia nitrogen present in the wastewater were determined using the cuvette-tests Lck914, Lck338, Lck386, Lck305, Lck340, Lck341 and Lck303, respectively (Hach-Lange, Germany). These measurements were made in triplicate, according to the manufacturer's procedures.
), nitrates, nitrites and total ammonia nitrogen present in the wastewater were determined using the cuvette-tests Lck914, Lck338, Lck386, Lck305, Lck340, Lck341 and Lck303, respectively (Hach-Lange, Germany). These measurements were made in triplicate, according to the manufacturer's procedures.
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