2 methoxyethanol

Acrylic acid (anhydrous, 99%), propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) (>99.5%), dichloromethane (anhydrous, ≥99.8%), 2-methoxyethanol (anhydrous, 99.8%), and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) (99.7%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Nickel 2-methoxyethoxide, 5% w/v in 2-methoxyethanol was purchased from Alfa Aesar, and 7-diethylamino-3-thenoylcoumarin was purchased from Exciton. Acrylic acid (100 mg) was slowly added to nickel 2-methoxyethoxide solution (1290 mg) in a glove box and manually agitated. We observed the nearly immediate change of the solution color from brown to green, which is indicative of a ligand exchange reaction^{48 (link)}. The mixture was held at low pressure in the antechamber of the glove box for 45 min to remove ~60% of 2-methoxyethanol. The resulting precursor was then taken out of the glove box, mixed with 300 mg of pentaerythritol triacrylate, and agitated using a vortex mixer for 1 min. 7-diethylamino-3-thenoylcoumarin (23 mg) was dissolved in 100 mg of dichloromethane, added to the mixture, which was then agitated using a vortex mixer for 1 min.

Indium nitrate hydrate (In(NO₃)₃·xH₂O, 99.999%) powder, N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC, 99.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME, 99.3%), acetylacetone (AcAc, 99%) and ammonium hydroxide (NH₃·H₂O, 28%) were obtained from Alfa Aesar. Formamidinium iodide (FAI, >98.0%), Methylammonium iodide (MAI, >99.0%), Cesium iodide (CsI, >99.0%), Lead (II) iodide (PbI₂, 99.99%), Methylammonium bromide (MABr, >99.0%) and Lead(II) bromide (PbBr₂, 99.99%) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd (TCI). Temozolomide (DMSO, 99%), N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF, 98%) and chlorobenzene (CB, 99.8%) were purchased from J&K Scientific. Dichloromethane (DCM) was obtained from Innochem Science & Technology Co., Ltd. Colorless polyimide (CPI) powder was from Zhejiang OCAs New Materials Co. Ltd. Silicon wafer with 100 nm thick SiO₂ layer was obtained from Silicon Valley Microelectronics, Inc. Isopropyl alcohol (AR, 99.7%), acetone (AR, 99.5%) and hydrochloric acid (HCl; AR, 36–38%) were provided by China National Medicines Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Poly(perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether) (CYTOP) was purchased from Asahi glass company (Japan) and consisted of CTL-809M (solute) and CT-Solv.180 (solvent). Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA, 495 K A2) was purchased from Kayaku Advanced Materials.

Bis(2-methoxyethyl) carbonate (BMC, C₇H₁₄O₅) (Supplementary Figs. 51 and 52) was synthesized according to the method previously described^{39 (link)}. More specifically, to a mixture of 114 g (1.5 mol) 2-methoxyethanol (99%, Alfa Aesar) and 67.5 g (0.75 mol) dimethyl carbonate (DMC, 99.9%, DodoChem), 0.7 g (13 mmol) sodium methoxide (NaOMe, 97%, Aladdin) was added under N₂ atmosphere. Subsequently, the mixture was stirred at 95 °C overnight. Following this, generated methanol was removed via rotary evaporation and the reaction was terminated by introducing water. The resulting solution was then transferred to a separatory funnel and extracted with dichloromethane (3 × 50 mL). The obtained organic phase was dried using anhydrous MgSO₄ and then vacuum evaporated on rotavapor to remove volatiles. The crude product was vacuum distilled (4 mm Hg, 103 °C) three times to yield ∼40 g colorless liquid as the product. Yield: 30%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 4.19 (dd, J = 5.4, 3.7 Hz, 4H), 3.52 (dd, J = 5.4, 3.7 Hz, 4H), 3.26 (s, 6H). ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 154.99 (s), 69.99 (s), 66.71 (s), 58.70 (s).

Cadmium oxide (CdO, 99.99%), selenium (Se, −200 mesh, 99.999%), zinc acetate (Zn(ac)₂, 99.99%), sulfur (S, 99%), oleic acid (OA, 90%), 1-octadecene (ODE, 90%), tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP, 97%), magnesium acetate tetrahydrate ((CH₃COO)₂Mg·4 H₂O, 99.997%) and 2-methoxyethanol (CH₃OCH₃CH₃OH, 99.3%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Ethanolamine (99.5%), Poly(amidoamine)dendrimers (PAD), methanol (99.8%) and toluene (99.8%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Tris(4-carbazoyl-9-ylphenyl)amine (TCTA, 99.5%) was purchased from Lumtec. All chemicals were used as is without additional purification.

PTB7-Th, PC₇₁BM, and ITIC were purchased from Luminescence Technology Corp. O-dichlorobenzene (ODCB) and chlorobenzene (CB) were purchased from Aladdin Corp. Zinc acetate dihydrate [Zn(CH₃COO)₂•2H₂O, 98%], ethanolamine (NH₂CH₂CH₂OH, 99.5%), and 2-methoxyethanol (CH₃OCH₂CH₂OH, 99.8%) were purchased from Acros. 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) was provided by Sigma-Aldrich. Molybdenum oxide (MoO₃) was provided by Shanghai Han Feng Chemical Corp. All chemicals were used as obtained.

The polymer PTB7-Th and PM6, as well as the nonfullerene acceptors (FOIC, IEICO-4F, Y6, SiOTIC-4F and COTIC-4F) were purchased from 1-material. All photoactive materials were used as received without further purification. The solutions of organic electron-transporting materials: PDIN (1-Material), PEIE (Aldrich, CAS No.: 26658-46-8) and PFN-Br (Ossila) were prepared in methanol (0.5 vol% acetic acid, 4 mg/mL), ultrapure water (6 mg/mL) and methanol (1 mg/mL) at room temperature, respectively. The sol-gel ZnO precursor (0.45 M) was prepared by dissolving zinc acetate dehydrate (Aldrich, 99.9%, 0.5 g) and ethanolamine (Aldrich, 99.5%, 0.14 g) in 2‐methoxyethanol (Acros Organics, 99.8%, 5 mL) under vigorously stirring at 60 °C for 2 h in air for hydrolysis reaction^{58 (link)}. PCE10: COTIC-4F blend solution: PCE10 and COTIC-4F (with a weight ratio of 1:1.5) were dissolved in chlorobenzene (with 2 vol% 1-chloronaphthalene) at 60 °C overnight at a total concentration of 40 mg/mL. PCE10: FOIC (SiOTIC-4F) blend solutions: PCE10 and FOIC (SiOTIC-4F) (with a weight ratio of 1:1.5) were dissolved in chloroform (with 2 vol% 1-chloronaphthalene for SiOTIC-4F blend) at 50 °C for 2 h at a total concentration of 30 mg/mL. All the bulk heterojunction blend solutions were prepared in a N₂-filled glovebox with O₂ and H₂O level ˂ 1 ppm.