When performing tests, data acquisition was performed with the TrapeziumX software (Shimadzu, Japan). Yield, peak, and failure forces were considered for each mechanical test of proximal and distal fixations. Yield force was defined as the force at which the first deviation from linearity occurred in the load displacement curve. Peak force was defined as the first value of the force cell recording a drop in forces compared to the previous acquired value. Failure force was defined as the maximum force measured during each test: suture breakage for PTF and sliding of the UHMWPE implant inside the bone tunnel at bone/UHMWPE implant/interference screw interface for DCF. Failure mode was recorded by video acquisition during each test (iPhone XS; Apple, Cupertino, California) (Fig. 3A ). Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Excel; Microsoft, Redmond, Washington) and Matlab (R2017b; MathWorks, Natick Massachusetts) software were used to process the data.
Trapezium x software
Manufactured by Shimadzu
Sourced in Japan
Trapezium X software is a data analysis tool developed by Shimadzu. It is designed to provide comprehensive data processing and reporting capabilities for analytical instruments.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Ez test sx texture analyzer, by Shimadzu (4 mentions)
Matlab, by MathWorks (2 mentions)
Universal testing machine, by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
Digital caliper, by Mitutoyo (2 mentions)
Ez test sx, by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
Ez test ez lx, by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
Ag 1 20kn, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Ez sx tensile tester, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Ez sx texture analyzer, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Autograph ags x, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
22 protocols using trapezium x software
1
Mechanical Testing of Proximal and Distal Fixations
2
Uniaxial Cyclic Mechanical Testing
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The sensors used to record the force (5 kN load cell) and the displacement (mechanical traverse stroke) were those natively associated with the testing machine. The synchronized acquisition of the measurements was carried out using the TrapeziumX software (Shimadzu, Japan) with a sampling frequency of 10 Hz. Owing to the large number of cycles, any acquisition represents a dataset of 1.620.000 points of measurement stored in a 41.5 Mo file per test. The data were processed with Matlab® Release 2018 (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA) and Excel® (Microsoft Corporation, Albuquerque, NM). Raw data were analyzed to extract several parameters from each test. Raw displacement data were filtered by applying a two-way average moving filter (window size: N = 500 over approximately 30 cycles) to extract the global behavior of each tested sample (mean filtered displacement curves). The displacement of the traverse stroke was recorded. Linear stiffness was computed on several cycles (1st, 2nd, 10th, and 100,000th ones) as the slope of the load–displacement curve in the given cycle interval to illustrate a potential stress softening effect (Fig. 5 ).
All the statistics were performed with Statext ver. 3.3 (STATEXT LLC, Wayne, NJ, USA), using a 5% significance level.
All the statistics were performed with Statext ver. 3.3 (STATEXT LLC, Wayne, NJ, USA), using a 5% significance level.
3
Mechanical Properties of Alginate-Gellan Gum Beads
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Mechanical properties of the sodium alginate and gellan gum particles were conducted at room temperature using a mechanical testing machine equipped with compression jigs (EZ-Test SX Texture Analyzer, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). The beads soaked in solutions of different pH (pH = 4–10) for 2 h were examined. The tests were carried out at a 1 mm/min compression speed. The Hertz theory was used to determine Young’s modulus. Hertz’s model describes the relationship between force and displacement for an elastic sphere compressed between two flat smooth surfaces, according to the following equation:
where F is the applied force, R is the initial radius of the bead, and H is the displacement [30 (link)]. E* is Hertz’s modulus that is related to Young’s modulus by:
where v is Poisson’s ratio, assumed to be 0.5 [31 (link)].
The results were recorded using the Trapezium X software (version 1.4.5, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). The presented data are the average values calculated from 7 measurements for each type of bead.
where F is the applied force, R is the initial radius of the bead, and H is the displacement [30 (link)]. E* is Hertz’s modulus that is related to Young’s modulus by:
where v is Poisson’s ratio, assumed to be 0.5 [31 (link)].
The results were recorded using the Trapezium X software (version 1.4.5, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). The presented data are the average values calculated from 7 measurements for each type of bead.
4
Push-Out Bond Strength Evaluation
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Each sample was sectioned horizontally using an Isomet saw under water cooling, to obtain 10 horizontal root sections of 1 ± 0.2 mm thickness. The thickness of the sections was checked using a digital caliper (Mitutoyo Corp., Kanagawa, Japan). The bond strength was determined using the push-out test. The push-out test was performed using stainless steel plungers in a universal testing machine (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min to apply push-out force in the apico-coronal direction. Custom-made plungers were fabricated for the push-out test as described previously [10 ]: 1.10, 0.8, and 0.3 mm for the coronal, middle, and apical regions, respectively.
The push-out force was applied in an apico-coronal direction until bond failure occurred. This force was recorded as newton with Trapezium X Software (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). The maximum failure load was recorded in Newtons. It was then converted to MPa by applying the following formula.
Push-out bond strength (MPa) = N/A; N = maximum failure load, A = adhesion area (mm2). The bonding surface area of each slices was calculated as: [π (r1 + r2)] x [(r1 − r2)2 + h2 ]1/2; π is the constant 3.14, r1, and r2 are the smaller and larger radii, and h is the thickness of the section in mm3 [11 (link)].
The push-out force was applied in an apico-coronal direction until bond failure occurred. This force was recorded as newton with Trapezium X Software (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). The maximum failure load was recorded in Newtons. It was then converted to MPa by applying the following formula.
Push-out bond strength (MPa) = N/A; N = maximum failure load, A = adhesion area (mm2). The bonding surface area of each slices was calculated as: [π (r1 + r2)] x [(r1 − r2)2 + h2 ]1/2; π is the constant 3.14, r1, and r2 are the smaller and larger radii, and h is the thickness of the section in mm3 [11 (link)].
5
Flexural Strength of Ruthenium-Containing Composites
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As with WS and SL analysis the RB containing 0.0%, 0.28%, 0.56%, and 1.12% Ru were selected to evaluate the FS (n = 12). First, FS bars (2 × 2 × 25 mm) were produced in a Teflon ® matrix following light curing with a LED unit operating at 650 mW/cm 2 (Valo™, Ultradent Products Inc., South Jordan, UT, USA), applied to three different sections across the 25 mm length, for 60 s each. The same light curing protocol was repeated on the opposite side of the bar. The resulting specimens were stored in MilliQ ® water (replaced every week) at 37°C for 24 h and 2 months before testing. Specimens were positioned in an universal testing machine across a 20 mm span gap (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) and submitted to the three-point bend test with a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. The FS (MPa) was then calculated by Trapezium X ® software (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) using the equation: FS = 3FL/2bh 2 , according to Peres et al. 44
6
Textural Analysis of Oleogels with Varying Fatty Acids
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The penetration test of a cone probe (60° cone, Perspex) using an EZ Test SX test machine (Shimadzu, Japan) was performed to determine the textural properties of oleogels prepared on oils with different contents of fatty acids, with beeswax as a texturing agent. Oleogels melted at 90 °C were poured into a reverse cone and cooled to 23 ± 1 °C in a Pol-Eko KK240 climatic chamber (Pol-Eko-Aparatura, Poland). Each sample was kept at this temperature for 24 h before analysis. The penetration rate was: 5 cm/min; test, 10 mm/min; distance, 9 mm. Hardness and Young’s modulus were measured automatically using Trapezium X software (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). The yield value (YV, Nm−2 × 102) was measured and characterized according to [49 (link)] with adaptations to automated testing machines [34 (link)].
7
Texture Properties Evaluation of Oleogels
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Changes in the texture properties (Hardness (N), Young's Modulus (E') (N / mm2), and Energy (mJ)) of oleogels were evaluated using a cylindrical probe 10 mm in diameter on a Shimadzu EZ Test SX universal testing machine (Shimadzu, Japan). The oleogels were prepared by paragraph 2.2 and then poured into 3 ml cylindrical tubes with a volume of 5 ml and an internal diameter of 14 mm with a screw cap. The test for the penetration of the cylindrical probe into the sample was carried out at a speed of 5 mm/min to a depth of 8 mm. The data were obtained and processed using the Trapezium X software (Shimadzu, Japan).
8
Compressive Moduli Characterization of ACG
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The compressive moduli of ACG-HT and ACG-NHT groups were measured on a universal mechanical testing machine equipped with 100 N sensor (AG-I 20 kN, SHIMADZU, Kyoto, Japan). The machine was set and calibrated according to the manufacture's protocol. Samples of each group were prepared in the same size (8.0 mm diameter, 4.0 mm height). Samples with flat surfaces were selected as test specimens. A solid compression plate was used for mechanical compressive strength test. The small tare load of 0.010 N was applied to ensure the same degree of initial compression. The compression ratio was preset at 65% for all samples based on the preliminary study results. When the compression ratio was over 65%, porous structures were fully compressed and compressive force increased significantly before breakdown of samples. The samples were compressed at a speed of 0.2 mm/min. All data were collected and analyzed with Trapezium X software (SHIMADZU).
9
Achilles Tendon Mechanical Characterization
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Achilles tendons were dissected following the protocol described in Rigozzi et al., 2009 (link). In brief, tendons were dissected maintaining intact the calcaneus and the gastrocnemius/soleus muscles. The tendon sheaths were also maintained in order to preserve the natural anatomical structure and relative orientation of the individual tendon bundles (Figure 7—figure supplement 3A ). Gastrocnemius/soleus muscle fibers were then cautiously removed to expose the intramuscular tendon fibers (Figure 7—figure supplement 3B ). All mechanical tests were performed with an Autograph AG-X plus 50 N-5KN machine (Shimadzu) with a speed of 0.1 mm/s and 1 kN load head. Specimens were clamped for testing with the calcaneus mounted to approximate a neutral anatomical position (Figure 7—figure supplement 3C ). Tendon area was calculated measuring tendon width in two segments, frontal and lateral. Tendon area and length were then used to calculate stiffness of tendons. Other parameters such as maximum force and maximum tension were also obtained. Elastic module was calculated as the slope of the curve generated representing force vs displacement. The slope was calculated taking into account the curve generated only between 1–2 N of force. All parameters were obtained using Trapezium X software (Shimadzu).
10
Flexural Strength Testing of Materials
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Flexural strength tests were carried out by ISO 178 [32 ], on samples with dimensions of 80 mm × 10 mm × 4 mm. The tests were carried out on a Shimadzu AGX-10 kN D testing machine (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) cooperating with the Trapezium X software (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) and appointed with appropriate equipment for three-point bending. The spacing of the supports was 64 mm. The radius of the supports was 5 mm. The tests were carried out at a speed of 2 mm/min. The ambient temperature was 20 ± 2 °C, and the humidity was 60%. The flexural strength and flexural modulus were determined.
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