Dl malic acid

Fructose (99% purity), tetramethylammonium chloride ([N₁₁₁₁]Cl, purity 98%) and DL-Lactic Acid (LA, 85% purity) were purchased from Acros Organics (Belgium). 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF, purity ≥ 99%), cholinium chloride ([Ch]Cl, ≥99% purity), levulinic acid (Lev, purity 98%), glycolic acid (GA, purity 99%) and γ-valerolactone (GVL, 98% purity) were supplied by Sigma Aldrich (USA). Citric acid mono hydrate (CA, purity ≥ 99.5%) and DL-malic acid (MA, purity 99.5%) were purchased from Panreac (Spain). Cholinium bromide ([Ch]Br, purity ≥ 98%) was purchased from TCI (Japan) and cholinium acetate ([Ch]Ac, purity 98%) was purchased from Iolitec (Germany).

Cholinium chloride ([Ch]Cl) (≥99% purity), furfural (≥99 % purity) and sodium iodide (NaI, 99% purtiy) were supplied by Sigma (Ronkonkoma, NY, USA). DL-Malic acid (MA, 99.5% purity) was obtained from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain) was obtained from Acros Organics (USA). Commercial beechwood xylan (9.39 wt.% humidity) was purchased from Apollo Scientific (Stockport, UK). Sodium chloride (NaCl, 99.5% purity) and sodium bromide (NaBr, 99% purity) were purchased from Fluka, Charlotte, NC, USA. Lithium Chloride (LiCl, 99% purity) gas attained from Merk and lithium bromide (LiBr, 99% purity) was attained from BDH Chemicals, Dubai, UAE. Potassium iodide (KI, 99.7 % purity) was purchased from Normapur (Radnor, PA, USA) and potassium chloride (KCl, 99.5% purity) was purchased from Chem Lab (Zedelgem, Belgium).