Uv vis nir spectrometer

¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl₃ with a 400 MHz Bruker Advance III spectrometer. UV–vis–NIR absorption spectra were recorded on a UV‐1601 Shimadzu UV–vis–NIR spectrometer. The small molecular films were spin‐coated on glass substrates from chlorobenzene/chloroform = 7/3 v/v solution (3 mg mL⁻¹) under ambient conditions. TGA was carried out on a Thermogravimetric Analyzer from Nicolet 6700 at a rate of 10 °C min⁻¹ under a nitrogen atmosphere. DSC experiments were carried out with a Netzsch DSC‐204 F1 instrument at a heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹ under nitrogen. Mass spectra were recorded on an AB Sciex‐5800 MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometer and a Bruker Solarix XR mass spectrometer. CV was performed on a standard commercial electrochemical analyzer (Shanghai Chenhua Instrument co. LTD., CHI520E) with a three‐electrode system consisting of a cylindrical platinum working electrode, platinum wire counter electrode, and Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The potential of the Ag/AgCl reference electrode was internally calibrated against ferrocene. 0.1 m tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF₆) in deoxygenated dichloromethane was used as the supporting electrolyte.

J-V characteristics of the solar cells and the single carrier devices and UV-Vis Absorption measurements are taken as previously described^{32 (link)}. The light source for the efficiency and degradation measurement is a SolarConstant 1200 Steuernaugel metal halide lamp calibrated to 1 sun intensity and corrected for the spectral mismatch with the AM1.5 G spectrum using a Si reference cell. Blend films on glass or diluted solutions of the BDT monomers of E and ET in CDCl₃ at very low concentration were prepared in an inert atmosphere in a glovebox in sealed cuvettes (0.7 ml in volume) for the absorption measurements. Additionally, diluted solutions of the BDT monomers of E and ET in CDCl₃ at very low concentration are also prepared in an inert atmosphere in a glovebox, namely, two times 2.1 ml (in 95.2:4.8 v/v ratio of CDCl₃:DIO) and 2 ml without DIO in air-tight/sealed NMR tubes for the NMR measurements. To complete the NMR measurements, 2.1 ml diluted solutions of DIO-only and ODT-only in CDCl₃ (95.2:4.8 v/v ratio of CDCl₃:DIO/ODT) are prepared under the same condition. Finally, absorption measurements were performed similarly to that of the films in a UV-3600 Shimadzu UV-Vis-NIR spectrometer against a cuvette of CDCl₃ as a reference.

An ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assay was used to evaluate the radical scavenging activity of kaempferol or Cu-kaempferol complexes. A solution of the ABTS radical cation was prepared by dissolving 17.2 mg of ABTS and 3.3 mg of K₂S₂O₈ in 5 mL of deionized water and leaving this in dark for 24 h to ensure full oxidation of the ABTS salt. A stock solution of the ABTS radical cation was prepared by diluting 1 mL of the oxidized solution with 60 mL of deionized water. 1 mM solutions of both kaempferol and CuCl₂ were prepared in DMSO. The time decay of the ABTS^•+ signal at 734 nm in the presence of kaempferol or its Cu complexes (Cu–kaempferol = 1:1 and 1:2) was monitored during 900 s, using a UV Vis NIR spectrometer (Shimadzu), until a steady state level of the absorbance signal was achieved [55 (link)].

An optical contact angle (CA) meter (JGW‐360A, China) was used to measure the CA of the surface. A scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi SU8010, Japan) and an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS, Hitachi SU8010, Japan) were used to study the micro structures of the etched surface and the chemical composition of the prepared samples, respectively. The thickness of the functional thin film of these samples was measured by the coating thickness gauge (Fisher MPO, Bad Salzuflen, Germany). The solar and IR reflectivity R(λ) were measured using the UV–Vis–NIR Spectrometer (SHIMADZU, Kyoto, Japan) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT‐IR, Frontier, PerkinElmer LLC), respectively. The thermal images were taken by an infrared thermal imaging camera (FLIR A615).

A field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), model JSM-7000F, manufactured by Jeol Ltd. (Akishima, Japan), was used for morphological analysis of the particles. UV/Vis absorption spectra were recorded using a Shimadzu (Kyoto, Japan) UV/Vis/NIR spectrometer with an integrated sphere (model UV-3600). The crystal structure of the samples was determined at room temperature using X-ray diffraction (XRD) on an Italstructures X-ray powder diffractometer (APD 2000, Cu-Kα radiation, graphite monochromator, scintillation detector).